Writing a Discussion Section

write a discussion section to this assignment attached

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Assignment 4: Writing a Discussion Section

Due 15 November at 11:59pm

Overview

A great way to improve your technical writing as a budding psychological researcher is to use published writing as a model. Like you did in Assignment 3: Writing a Method Section, you will review discussion sections from the articles in your literature review and practice writing your own discussion section using them as a guide. The purpose of this assignment is to familiarize yourself with how psychologists summarize and discuss their research and to get you started on the discussion section of your own research proposal. Note that you will not be collecting data for this study; you will be writing your discussion section to describe the implications, limitations, and future directions of your study if your hypothesis is supported. This assignment is graded out of 50 but will be worth only 5 points of your grade.

Final deliverable

The final submission will be your copy of this document with all questions answered. You may delete the instructions on the first page. The document should include your name and the title of the assignment, use 10 or 12 point professional font, and have 1-inch margins. Submit this document in x or format on D2L.

Part 1: Implications

You can use multiple articles for this assignment. In your articles’ discussion sections, find where the authors discuss the implications of their study.

1. Copy and paste six examples where the authors indicate the implications of their results for research. (6 points)
Example: This study contributes to research on the association between early birds and getting a worm by indicating that early birds do indeed get the worm, which contradicts the results found by Worm et al. (2020).

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Now, think of your own research study. Using the sentences above as a model, write three sentences describing how your study would contribute to the research on your topic. (6 points)

2. Copy and paste six examples where the authors indicate the implications of their results for practice. (6 points)
Example: The findings of this study indicate that old dogs can learn new tricks, suggesting that canine behavioral interventionists should invest resources in training older dogs.

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Now, think of your own research study. Using the sentences above as a model, write three sentences describing how people could use your hypothesized results to change their behavior or policies. (6 points)

Part 2: Limitations

In your articles’ discussion sections, find where the authors discuss the limitations of their research.

1. Copy and paste eight examples where the authors discuss a limitation of their research. Try to find examples that refer to different types of limitations, such as research design, sample size, measurement methods, etc. (8 points)
Example: Measuring self-reported helping behaviors may introduce bias into our results, as participants may be motivated to report higher helping behaviors due to social desirability.

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Using the sentences above as a model, write three sentences describing three potential limitations of your study. (6 points)

Part 3: Future research

In your articles’ discussion sections, find where the authors discuss directions for future research given their research findings.

2. Copy and paste six examples where the authors discuss avenues for future research. (6 points)
Example: A study is needed that traces students’ office hours attendance over time to confirm that earlier office hour visits lead to better research proposal scores at the end of the term.

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Using the sentences above as a model, write three sentences describing three avenues for future research if your hypothesis is supported. (6 points)

Coping Styles and Psychopathology-Literature Review

Mohammad Alshaikh

Research Methods in Psychology

Coping Styles and Psychopathology

Coping styles and psychopathology are strongly linked with each other as both of the domains are focusing upon the ideology of the stress. Stress is a situation that leads to cause psychopathology in most of the cases if healthy coping strategies are not employed. If unhealthy and avoidant coping styles are employed then it results in causing psychopathology in most of the cases. There are number of studies that have described the role of coping strategies in lessening the psychopathological impacts of certain coping styles.

Sarwar, Abid, Khan and Sarwar (2020) designed a study to explore the relationship between coping styles and psychopathology in medical students. Emotional intelligence was also taken as a variable in this particular study. The study design was cross-sectional as it focused on assessing the relationship between these different variables in a cross-sectional sample. Data collection process involved purposive, convenient sampling. A total of 210 students with 117 male and 83 female students were selected as sample of the study. Psychopathic deviation and Brief cope inventory was used for the purpose of measurement o the different domains of coping styles and psychopathic deviation. Different sorts of data analysis was done that included correlation, t-test and regression. The results of the study indicated that people with poor coping styles are more prone to developing psychopathologies. The role of emotional intelligence was also described in the study and it emphasize upon the point that those people that do not know about the emotional regulation tend to adopt maladaptive coping strategies thus leading to a point where they develop psychopathology. Lack of adaptive coping skills leads to development of psychopathology and emotional regulation also plays a very important role in that particular instance. When it comes to the development of adaptive coping skills then the role of emotional intelligence can not be denied and it has been very effective. Those individuals that lack in adaptive coping skills leads to increased suicidal ideation as the results of the study indicated.

In another study Jaiswal et al., (2018) explored the association between psychopathology and coping mechanisms in the parents of children with intellectual disability. The sample size consisted of 100 parents that were recruited for the process of data collection. Child psychiatry outpatient department that was run by a teaching hospital was contacted for the purpose of collection of data. For the purpose of measurement of different constructs of the study, parents of children with intellectual disability were interviewed. The Performa that was used for the process of interviewing consisted of semi-structured interview question. In addition to that, a symptom checklist (SCL90R) and Mechanism of Coping Scale (MOCS) were also utilized. With the help of these two scales, the formal assessment was done. The results of the study indicated that most of the parents of children with intellectual disability think of their child’s disability as a major issue and concern for their life. They also tended to emphasize how their own lives revolved around the problem of their children. They tend to take their consideration as same as their own life. The way their own life also got affected by the ailment of their children was also assessed. The results of the study indicated that most of the parents have psychological problems and major part of those problems was neurotic rather than the psychotic one. Depression and somatic problems were reported as the most common and it was present almost all of the parents of the children with intellectual disability. Further results of the study indicated that the use of maladaptive coping skills by parents of the children with intellectual disability resulted in increased psychopathology. the use of avoidant coping skills and in some other cases, the use of emotion-focused coping skills were leading to cause a lot more problems in parents of children with intellectual disability. The overall results lead to the conclusion that children with intellectual disability must be taken care of as a family unit otherwise it may cause a lot more problems for all family members.

Bikmazer et al.,(2019) designed a study to explore the link of coping and psychopathology among children with certain malignancy. In addition, their study aimed to focus on the social support and its role in development of certain coping skills for the individual. The sample for this study consisted of 114 children and adolescents. The age range of the children that were included in the sample lied between nine and fifteen years of age. A schedule was used for the purpose of data collection and this schedule focused on the assessment of affective disorders and schizophrenia for children. Results of the study indicated that around fifty to sixty percent of the children with a chronic disease also had a psychiatric diagnosis. In most of the cases this psychiatric diagnosis was depression, anxiety and other common problems. Coping styles of parents and children that were identified in this particular study were religious in most of the cases. The religious coping resulted in positive interpretation and growth of the individuals. Social support appraisal of children were also included in the study. The results indicated that most of the individuals used religious coping while some other used problem-focused coping. Still there were some that used emotion-focused coping. Those individuals that used problem-focused coping were at very least risk of developing any significant problem. The people that used emotion-focused coping were more prone to develop psychopathology.

Schnieder, King and Delfabro (2018) designed a study to investigate the maladaptive coping styles in adolescents. For the purpose of study, adolescents with gaming disorder symptoms were selected as sample. Sample size consisted of 823 adolescents from secondary schools. For the assessment purpose, cope inventory and DSM-5 checklist was used. Denial and behavioral disengagement were the most common coping styles that were highlighted in the study results as used by most of the adolescents. Internet gaming disorder was associated with the maladaptive coping styles that were used by most of the adolescents. Public health concern because of the internet gaming disorder has been a very significant one and the issues that are caused by maladaptive coping strategies also are highlighted in this study. Those adolescents that used maladaptive coping strategies were at increased risk of developing different psychiatric disorders.

Another study designed by Schagen et al., (2016) investigated the role of coping in a diversified psychiatric population. In addition, they also investigated the role of nightmares in causing these symptoms. Comorbidity of nightmares and maladaptive coping skills was investigated in the study. For the purpose of study, 498 participants were selected and all of the individuals had certain forms of psychiatric disorders. Psychopathology, personality pathology and many different styles of coping were explored in the study. Results indicated that there exists significant differences when it comes to different sorts of coping strategies. Task-oriented coping and avoidance-oriented coping in addition to emotion-focused coping were some of the major coping styles that were employed by the participants. The emotion-focused coping was the most incapable and inadequate coping strategy that resulted in emotional instability and aggravated psychological problems. Overall study results were indicative of the fact that people that uses maladaptive coping skills are at increased risk of developing certain psychological problems.

Moving towards the conclusion of the literature review, it is good to mention that different studies show that people that use maladaptive coping skills are more prone to develop different psychopathologies as compared to individuals that used adaptive coping skills. If proper coping strategies are not employed then it results in causing a lot more problems for individuals thus enhancing the chance of occurrence of psychopathology.

Introduction

The birth of a child is a significant event that affects the dynamics of the whole family. The advent of a child is linked with the children’s psychology as it increases the joy, aspiration, dreams, and hopes. Parents’ job is a challenging and tough job because this job demands the full attention of the father and mother both. When the parents ignore the children, then there are high chances of increased disability rate of the mental health of children. Thus the mental health of children is positively associated with the parenting ability of the parents. There are various problems related to parents’ disability in doing parenting job from which the most common disease is the intellectual disability (ID). The rate of intellectual disability is increasing day by day, as it has been estimated that the quality of intellectual disability is 1%. The Center for Disease and Control (CDC) has investigated that 1 in every 33 children born with any defect while one from every six babies born with a developmental disability. Congenital disabilities are changes of structure in babies at the time of birth that can affect any body part of the children, such as the brain, heart, or foot (American Psychological Association, 2012). These defects can be ranges from mild to severe based on the structural defect. The disability is mental or physical impairment of children that can affect children’s functions, such as performing daily tasks, walking, lifting, standing, walking, sleeping, etc.

The rate of disease is high in low-income or developing countries. Less developing countries such as India are high with these diseases because from 1000 people, almost 10.5 people have been diagnosed with this disease. The cases of intellectual disability are higher in urban areas as compared to rural areas. The cause due to which the prevalence of the disease is higher in developing countries is increased incidence of disease rate and anoxia or chances of brain infections at the time of birth. A lot of research has been conducted to determine the actual cause of disease, and it has found that intellectual disability occurred due to the abnormality of the chromosome, congenital infection, or deficiency syndrome. The condition become more severe due to psychiatric or medical comorbidities. Parents have to consult with physicians, special educators, psychiatrists, or occupational therapists for the treatment of the patients. The treatment method of the disease is significantly prolonged and expensive as parents have to spend enormous time and money for the children’s better condition. They have to spend energy and time to fulfill the needs of children, due to which they have to leave their own needs. As a result, both parents (mother and father) experience great stress during the care of intellectual disabled or special children (Bragiel, 2011).

The treatment method and time also affect their personal lives and lead to problems in their marriage, relations, and career. One of the parents among two cannot pursue a job because one person is permanently required to care for a mentally disabled child. The psychiatric diseases in children are the great problem for the parents because they had to leave their social and economic life and concentrate only on the child’s needs and care. The burden on parents increased due to which they become disturbed in daily life or family routine that leads to marital, familial, social, and emotional problems. Instead of decreasing the tension and time, the parents’ burden increases due to the increased demand for daily care and age. The study has claimed that parents of mentally disable children experienced an increased rate of stress due to which the mental disease rate is also high in such parents.Some other factors are associated with the enhanced stress with age that is self-esteem, parental locus of control, and parents’ financial status (Carroll, 2013).

The research has found that stress is usually a two-way process as it includes the manufacturing of stressor due to the environment and response of people due to those stressors. Furthermore, it was found that stress due to environmental issues leads to cognitive appraisal. The situation showed that the stress and anxiety of parents lead to mental disorders of parents too. While on the other hand, a problem-focused coping mechanism helps the individual change the relation of troubles-related-environment, which is the leading cause of stress. In this technique, those methods are used by which the relationship of the environment with an individual can be changed. Both ways are effective in reducing the stress of individuals due to which mental issues are increasing. The research has been conducted to determine the coping methods that can be used to handle the parents’ situation because they have to remain healthy to maintain the child. Coping is the continuous effort of an individual in both actions and thoughts to manage the external and internal problems due to environmental imbalance. Coping is considered vital because it helps in handling the situation efficiently in different challenges. There are two basic methods of coping that are emotional-focused coping and problem-focused coping. Emotional-focused coping is used to regulate stressed emotions so that challenges can be handled easily. In this method, only the environmental conditions are changes for some time, such as using such techniques by which the basis of stress can become stay for some time (Carroll, 2013).

The method for cope up with stress is different for each parent, and they handled the situation in a specific manner. The most efficient way to cope up with this situation is an emotional-based coping mechanism because by using this method, they become able to handle the psychiatric ill child efficiently. One of the other effective method is problem-based coping mechanism because it also helps the parents in dealing with the stress in daily routine. Various studies have been conducted to determine this effect and it has determined that substantial psychological distress is linked with the parenting style for handling intellectual disable children. It has been investigated from different studies that the parents deals with enhanced level of depression as well as anxiety when they have to live with children who are suffering from this disease. This area has not been explored in detailed manner, therefore, only anxiety and depression has been seen due to this disease in parents during the care of special children. The researchers are trying their level best to find the most efficient coping mechanism that can support parents during care of special child (Dardas, 2015).

The purpose of this study is to better understand the problem of Intellectual Disability and effects of this disease on the parents. The study will found that what are the problems with which the parents of children with ID have to deals with as well as what are the effects of Intellectual Disability on the mental condition of the parents. The purpose of this study is to find psychopathology of this disease and coping mechanism that can be used for the mental health of parents. The study will find the effects of different factors such as gender and age on the efficacy of coping mechanism as well as its correlation with the mental disability of children.

Hypothesis

• H1: The rate of mental health diseases such as Intellectual Disability are increasing throughout the world

• H2: ID is directly related with the stress and depression of parents

• H3: The copying strategies should be used to handle the situation of parents

• H4: The health of parents is linked with the care of healthiness of ID child

References

Bikmazer, A., Orengul, A., Buyukdeniz, A., Okur, F., Gokdemir, Y., & Perdahli Fis, N. (2019). Coping and psychopathology in children with malignancy and bronchiectasis. Pediatric Pulmonology, 55(1), 214-220. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.24534

Jaiswal, S. V., Subramanyam, A. A., Shah, H. R., & Kamath, R. M. (2018). Psychopathology

and coping mechanisms in parents of children with intellectual disability. Indian journal

of psychiatry, 60(3), 312–317. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_259_17

Maftei, A., & Enea, V. (2020). Symptoms of internet gaming disorder and parenting styles in Romanian adolescents. Psihologija, 53(3), 307-318. https://doi.org/10.2298/psi190808008m

Sarwar, N., Abid, S., Sarwar Khan, G., & Sarwar, A. (2020). Relationship between Emotional Intelligence, Coping Styles and Psychopathology among Medical Students in District Peshawar. International Research Journal Of Science And Technology, 88-95. https://doi.org/10.46378/irjst.2020.010203

van Schagen, A., Lancee, J., Swart, M., Spoormaker, V., & van den Bout, J. (2016). Nightmare Disorder, Psychopathology Levels, and Coping in a Diverse Psychiatric Sample. Journal Of Clinical Psychology, 73(1), 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22315

American Psychological Association. (2012). Guidelines for assessment of and intervention with persons with disabilities. The America

Bragiel, J., & Kaniok, P. E. (2011). Fathers’ marital satisfaction and their involvement with their child with disabilities. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 26(3), 395-404.

Carroll, D. W. (2013). Families of children with developmental disablities: Understanding stress and opportunities for growth. American Psychological Association.

Carroll, D. W. (2013). Families of children with developmental disablities: Understanding stress and opportunities for growth. American Psychological Association.

Dardas, L. A., & Ahmad, M. M. (2015). Coping strategies as mediators and moderators between stress and quality of life among parents of children with autistic disorder. Stress and Health, 31(1), 5-12.