Home Uncategorized RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Uncategorized

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

*USE ONLY WHAT IS ATTACHED TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING*

1. Divide, label and give the meaning of the following terms: Tachypnea, hypoxemia, dysphonia , pneumoconiosis.

2. Emphysema, Pneumonia, Mesothelioma and COPD are four pathological conditions of the respiratory system.Define each one and briefly explain signs, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.

3. Read the respiratory system case study attached and answer the questions.

Chapter 12
The Respiratory System

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
Name the organs of the respiratory system and describe their location and function.
Identify various pathological conditions that affect the system.
Recognize medical terms that pertain to respiration.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
Describe important clinical procedures related to the respiratory system and recognize relevant abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

Chapter 12
Lesson 12.1
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction
External respiration: exchange of air in lung capillaries
oxygen inhaled into the air sacs of the lungs
immediately passes into capillaries
carbon dioxide passes from capillaries into air sacs, to be exhaled

*
What percent of oxygen does inhaled air contain? (about 21 %)
What percent of oxygen does exhaled air contain? (about 16 %)
What is the medical term for air sacs?

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction (cont’d.)
Internal respiration: exchange of gases in the cells
occurs simultaneously between cells and capillaries
oxygen passes out of the bloodstream into the tissues
carbon dioxide passes out of tissues back into the bloodstream to travel to the lungs

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Respiratory Anatomy
Mediastinum: middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches
Bronchi: each leads to a separate lung
Lungs: not mirror images, have lobes
Hilum: blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit

*
What is the singular form of bronchi? (bronchus)
Which lung is larger? (right)
How many lobes does each lung have? (right: three, left: two)

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Anatomy of Respiration
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Engage the class to identify the organs of the respiratory system.
Trace the path of a breath of air.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Anatomy of Respiration
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Engage the class to identify the organs of the respiratory system.
Trace the path of a breath of air.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Respiratory Structures
Conduct air
Nose
Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea

Exchange gases
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lung capillaries

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Respiratory Flow Chart
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Trace the flow and then conduct the class activity in the lesson plan by dividing the class into two groups and assigning each a gas. (see LP 12.1)

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Respiratory Flow Chart
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Trace the flow and then conduct the class activity in the lesson plan by dividing the class into two groups and assigning each a gas. (see LP 12.1)

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
VOCABULARY
adenoids
alveolus (alveoli)
apex of the lung
base of the lung
brochioles
bronchus (bronchi)
carbon dioxide

*
Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
VOCABULARY
cilia
diaphragm
epiglottis
expiration
glottis
hilum
inspiration
larynx

*
Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
VOCABULARY
lobe
mediastinum
nares
oxygen
palatine tonsil
paranasal sinus
parietal pleura

*
Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
VOCABULARY
pharynx
pleura
pleural cavity
pulmonary parenchyma
respiration
trachea
visceral pleura

*
Reference pages 260-262 for definitions of vocabulary terms

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
QUICK QUIZ:
1. What is the tip or uppermost portion of the lung?
base
lobe
apex
nares
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
CORRECT Answer is C, apex

adenoid/o adenoids
alveol/o alveolus, air sac
bronch/o bronchial tube
bronchi/o bronchus
bronchiol/o bronchiole, small bronchus
capn/o carbon dioxide
Combining Form Meaning
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

coni/o dust
cyan/o blue
epiglott/o epiglottis
laryng/o larynx, voice box
lob/o lobe of the lung
mediastin/o mediastinum
Combining Form Meaning
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

nas/o nose
orth/o straight, upright
ox/o oxygen
pector/o chest
pharyng/o pharynx, throat
phon/o voice
Combining Form Meaning
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

phren/o diaphragm
pleur/o pleura
pneum/o air, lung
pneumon/o lung
pulmon/o lung
rhin/o nose
Combining Form Meaning
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

sinus/o sinus cavity
spir/o breathing
tel/o complete
thorac/o chest
tonsill/o tonsils
trache/o trachea, windpipe
Combining Form Meaning
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND TERMINOLOGY
SUFFIXES
-ema condition
-osmia smell
-pnea breathing
-ptysis spitting
-sphyxia pulse
-thorax pleural cavity, chest
Suffix Meaning
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 12
Lesson 12.2
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Diagnostic Terms
auscultation
percussion
pleural rub
rale (crackle)
rhonchus
sputum
stridor
wheeze

*
Many of these terms are ways to help identify respiratory abnormalities that can be heard.
Discuss the fact that auscultation, though not high tech, is still a very effective way to uncover disease.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Terms
Upper Respiratory
Disorders
croup
diphtheria
epistaxis
pertussis

*
Distinguish between disorders arising from infectious agents, trauma, neoplasms, or genetic disorders. Which are most often caused by smoking?
Epistaxis is also known as rhinorrhagia, but epistaxis is the more commonly used term for nosebleed.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Terms
Bronchial Tube
Disorders
asthma
bronchiectasis
chronic bronchitis
cystic fibrosis

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Terms (cont’d.)
Lung Disorders
atelectasis
emphysema
lung cancer
pneumoconiosis
pneumonia
pulmonary abscess
pulmonary edema
pulmonary embolism (PE)
pulmonary fibrosis
sarcoidosis
tuberculosis (TB)

*
Distinguish between disorders arising from infectious agents, trauma, neoplasms, or genetic disorders.
What are the types of pneumoconiosis?

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Terms, Lung Disorders (cont’d.)
Atelectasis
Two forms
Proximal obstruction of distal airways
Accumulations of fluid, blood, or air in pleural cavity
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Distinguish between atelectasis and pneumothorax.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Terms
Pleural Disorders
mesothelioma
pleural effusion
pleurisy (pleuritis)
pneumothorax

*
Distinguish between disorders arising from infectious agents, trauma, neoplasms, or genetic disorders.
Use slides to discuss definitions, context, spelling, and derivations.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Terms,
Pleural Disorders
Pneumothorax: Air gathers in the pleural cavity
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Explain collapsed lung.
What conditions may cause a lung to collapse?
What are some examples of trauma- and disease-induced collapsed lung?

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
STUDY SECTION
anthracosis
asbestosis
bacilli
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
cor pulmonale
exudate
hydrothorax
palliative
paroxysmal
pulmonary infarction
purulent
silicosis

*
Distinguish between disorders arising from infectious agents, trauma, neoplasms or genetic disorders.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 12
Lesson 12.3
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Clinical Procedures
X-rays
chest x-ray (CXR)
computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest
pulmonary angiography

*
Briefly discuss the technology of each type of x-ray.
For what kinds of information (hard tissues, soft tissue, etc.) and which conditions is each type best-suited?

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
X-rays: radiographic imaging
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Use this slide to discuss point of view, right and left, dorsal and ventral, and landmarks.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Magnetic waves create images
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
Radioactive Tests
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung:
Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan: inhalation of radioactive gas for imaging, followed by injection of different radioactive material for imaging

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
Bronchioscopy: Fiberoptic or rigid endoscope inserted into the bronchial tubes for diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of specimens
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Why would a physician recommend this invasive diagnostic procedure?
What are the pros and cons?
What can the physician expect to learn?

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
Endotracheal intubation: placement of tube from mouth to trachea to establish airway
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Watch an episode of ER and count how many times they do this procedure in the ER.
Why do many people coming into the emergency room need this procedure?
Why is this done for surgical patients?

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
laryngoscopy
lung biopsy
mediastinoscopy
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
thoracotomy
thorascopy
tracheostomy
tuberculin test
tube thoracostomy

*
Why do many of these procedures start with “thor”?
What is the difference between laryngoscopy, mediastinoscopy, and thorascopy?

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
Thoracentesis: surgical puncture to
remove fluid from pleural space
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)
Tracheostomy: Surgical creation of opening into the trachea through
the neck
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Under what conditions would a physician perform this invasive procedure?
Explain advantages and disadvantages.

adenoid/o ____________
alveol/o ____________
bronch/o ____________
bronchi/o ____________
bronchiol/o ____________
capn/o ____________
CF Meaning
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

adenoid/o adenoids
alveol/o alveolus; air sac; small sac
bronch/o bronchial tube
bronchi/o bronchial tube
bronchiol/o bronchiole
capn/o carbon dioxide
Suffix Meaning
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

coni/o ___________
cyan/o ___________
epiglott/o ___________
laryng/o ___________
lob/o ___________
mediastin/o ___________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

coni/o dust
cyan/o blue
epiglott/o epiglottis
laryng/o larynx (voice box)
lob/o lobe
mediastin/o mediastinum
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

nas/o __________
orth/o __________
ox/o __________
pector/o __________
pharyng/o __________
phon/o __________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

nas/o nose
orth/o straight
ox/o oxygen
pector/o chest
pharyng/o throat (pharynx)
phon/o voice; sound
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

phren/o ___________
pleur/o ___________
pneum/o ___________
pneumon/o ___________
pulmon/o ___________
rhin/o ___________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

phren/o diaphragm; mind
pleur/o pleura
pneum/o lung; air; gas
pneumon/o lung; air; gas
pulmon/o lung
rhin/o nose
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

sinus/o ___________
spir/o ___________
tel/o ___________
thorac/o ___________
tonsill/o ___________
trache/o ___________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

sinus/o sinus
spir/o to breathe
tel/o complete
thorac/o chest
tonsill/o tonsil
trache/o trachea (windpipe)
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

-ema ___________
-osmia ___________
-pnea ___________
-ptysis ___________
-sphyxia ___________
-thorax ___________
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
SUFFIXES
-ema condition
-osmia smell
-pnea breathing
-ptysis spitting
-sphyxia pulse
-thorax chest; pleural cavity
Suffix Meaning
REVIEW SHEET
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Respiratory System Case Study

Trudy, a home health respiratory therapist, especially enjoys her older patients, and her Tuesday morning patient is one of her favorites. Jonas Hershel, a 79-year-old former respiratory therapist himself, has been hospitalized over the weekend for extreme difficulty with breathing from emphysema. Jonas’ physical examination has noted crackles, clubbing, and DOE. Blood gases reveal hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Jonas’ emphysema has now progressed to COPD.

After being stabilized, Jonas has been released to his home with home health care visits. Trudy has treated Jonas in the hospital and is now his home health care professional. Tracking Jonas’ breathing capacity using spirometry is part of her duties. However, today Jonas is too tired to sit up; therefore Trudy performs the spirometry while Jonas is reclining.

1. Give another name for crackles and define it.

2. What does spirometry measure?

3. Define emphysema. What is destroyed in emphysema?

4. What do the terms hypoxemia and hypercapnia stand for?

5. What do the abbreviations DOE and COPD stand for? Define and explain.

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