research paper

   The written paper will be a maximum of 5 pages in length (excluding references) and use APA referencing. 

RUN-ON SENTENCES

COMMON MISTAKES IN APA-STYLE PAPERS

WRONG:
They ran a study, they

asked a number of
questions.

RIGHT:
They ran a study and
they asked a number

of questions.

Do not squash two complete
sentences together without a
conjunction or proper
punctuation.

PASSIVE VOICE

WRONG:
A study was run by the

researchers.

RIGHT:
The researchers ran a

study.

Active voice is almost always
better than passive voice.INCONSISTENT TENSES

WRONG:
They ran a study in

which the participants
answer questions.

RIGHT:
They ran a study in

which the participants
answered questions.

Be consistent with tense (past,
present, or future).

ARTICLE TITLES

WRONG:
Potter (2020) ran a
study called “Insert

study title here” where
he showed

that…

RIGHT:
Potter (2020) ran a

study where he
showed that…

Do not write out the title of an
article in your text.

PRONOUN AGREEMENT

WRONG:
The researchers

described its study.

RIGHT:
The researchers

described their study.

Make sure pronouns agree in
number with their referents.

E.G. AND I.E.

WRONG:
They asked some

questions (i.e. “What
is your name?”)

RIGHT:
They asked some

questions (e.g., “What
is your name?”)

“E.g.” means “for example.”
“I.e.” means “in other words.”
When you use them, put a
comma after the second period.

ANTHROPOMORPHIZING

WRONG:
The study discovered

that…
RIGHT:
The researchers

discovered that…

Do not attribute human actions
to non-human things, like
studies and articles.

SENTENCE FRAGMENTS

WRONG:
The participants, who

were

ages 18-36.

RIGHT:
The participants were

ages 18-36.

Do not write in incomplete
sentences.

NUMBERS

WRONG:
It took 5 minutes per

day for thirty-six days.

RIGHT:
It took five minutes
per day for 36 days.

Use words for numbers under
10 (unless they are ages) and
numerals for everything else.

FLOATING “ AND (

WRONG:
There were 20

participants (10 boys
and 10 girls.

RIGHT:
There were 20

participants (10 boys
and 10 girls).

Always close quotations and
parentheses.

OF VS. HAVE

WRONG:
They could of done a

better job.

RIGHT:
They could have done

a better job.

Use “could have,” “should have,”
and “would have.”

MIXING UP WORDS
“Affect” is a verb; “effect” is a
noun.

“Than” is for comparisons;
“then” is for time.

“Accept” means “believe in” or
“receive”; “except” means
“unless” or “excluding.”

“To” means “until” or “toward”;
“too” means “excessively” or
“also.”

WRITING AGES

WRONG:
There was a group of
children who were 5-
years-old and a group

of 10 year olds.

RIGHT:
There was a group of
children who were 5

years old and a group
of 10-year-olds.

Hyphenate when expressing an
age as an adjective or noun;
don’t hyphenate when simply
stating someone’s age.

APA Style 7th Edition

Quick Guide

Type of Citation
Narrative Citations,
First Citation in Text

Narrative Citations,
Subsequent Citations
in Text

Parenthetical Format,
First Citation in Text

Parenthetical Format,
Subsequent Citations
in Text

1 work by 1 author Siegel (2004) Siegel (2004) (Siegel, 2004) (Siegel, 2004)

1 work by 2 authors Hunt and Wilkins (2007) Hunt and Wilkins (2007) (Hunt & Wilkins, 2007)
(Hunt & Wilkins,
2007)

1 work by 3 or more
authors

Baxter et al. (2005) Baxter et al. (2005) (Baxter et al., 2005) (Baxter et al., 2005)

Groups (readily identi-
fied through abbrevia-
tions) as authors

Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention

(CDC, 2007)

CDC (2007)
(Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
[CDC], 2007)

(CDC, 2007)

Groups (no abbrevia-
tion) as authors

University of Southern
California (2010)

University of Southern
California (2010)

(University of Southern
California, 2010)

(University of South-
ern California, 2010)

2 or more works

Harlow (1999) and
Smith (2001)

Harlow (1999) and
Smith (2001)

(Harlow, 1999; Smith,
2001)

(Harlow, 1999;
Smith, 2001)

2 or more works by 1
author in the same
year

Jones (2009a)
Jones (2009b)

Jones (2009a)
Jones (2009b)

(Jones, 2009a)
(Jones, 2009b)

(Jones, 2009a)
(Jones, 2009b)

Work with no

author

“Understanding infor-
mation overload” (n.d.)

“Understanding infor-
mation overload” (n.d.)

(“Understanding infor-
mation overload,” n.d.)

(“Understanding in-
formation overload,”
n.d.)

Secondary Source
with year of primary
source

Freud (1916) … (as cit-
ed in Jones, 2003)

Freud (1916) … (as cited
in Jones, 2003)

(Freud, 1916, as cited in
Jones, 2003)

(Freud, 1916, as cited
in Jones, 2003)

Secondary Source
without year of prima-
ry source

Freud (as cited in Jones,
2003)

Freud (as cited in
Jones, 2003)

(Freud, as cited in Jones,
2003)

(Freud, as cited in
Jones, 2003)

Personal Communica-
tion (Do not include in
Reference page)

J.Smith (personal com-
munication, March 19,
2016)

J.Smith (personal com-
munication, March 19,
2016)

(J. Smith, personal com-
munication, March 19,
2016)

(J. Smith, personal
communication,
March 19, 2016)

Court Decision

Brown v. Board of
Education (1954)

Brown v. Board of
Education (1954)

(Brown v. Board of Edu-
cation, 1954)

(Brown v. Board of
Education, 1954)

Federal Statue

Violence Against Wom-
en (1994)

Violence Against Wom-
en (1994)

(Violence Against Wom-
en, 1994)

(Violence Against
Women, 1994)

In-Text Citations Quick View

APA Style

The Publication Manual of the American Psycho-

logical Association, 7th edition is used by social sci-

ence disciplines. The APA manual sets the rules on

how to format a research paper, formatting of the

sources used, and how information should be pre-

sented.

In-Text Citations
Appear in the body of your paper, and identify the

source of an idea or quotation. In-text citations

typically include WHO (author) and WHEN

(publication year).

If a source doesn’t have a publication date, use

“n.d.” for “no date.”

Direct quotes also include the specific location of

the quote. Typically it’s “p. #” for page number, but

may deviate based on source type.

In-text citations have two style options. Narrative

citations include the author as part of the narrative

but place the year of publication in parentheses

next to the author and page number at the end of a

direct quote in it’s own set of parentheses. Paren-

thetical citations place author, year and page num-

ber (where applicable) at the end of a idea or quote

within parentheses.

Source Type In-text Citation

Reference List

Book with one author (Richardson, 1999). Richardson, V. (1999). Teaching gerontological social work: A compendium of model

syllabi. Council on Social Work Education.

Chapter from an edited

book

(Rappaport, 1999). Rappaport, B. A. (1999). On-site school-based mental health clinics: 15 years of expe-

rience in Orange County, California. In A.H. Esman, & L. T. Flaherty, (Eds.), Adolescent

psychiatry: Development and clinical studies, (pp. 91-100). The Analytic Press.

Organization/corporation

as author

(American Psycho-

logical Association

[APA], 2020).

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Journal article with doi (Fink & Hummel,

2015).

Fink, J., & Hummel, M. (2015). With educational benefits for all: Campus inclusion

through learning communities designed for underserved student populations. New

Directions for Student Services, 2015(149), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20115

Online newspaper article (Logan, 2014). Logan, T. (2014, December 21). Highland Park residents feel the squeeze of gentrifi-

cation. The Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/la-fi-

highland-park-renters-20141221-story.html

Thesis, from a commercial

database

(Nicometo, 2015). Nicometo, D. N. (2015). Increasing international education to develop culturally com-

petent social workers: Social media recommendations for social work abroad pro-

gram 501(c)3 (Order No. 1597712). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses

Global. (1717577238).

Multiple pages from the

same website, organization

as author
(American Psycho-
logical Association

[APA], 2019a)

(APA, 2019b).

(APA, 2019c).

American Psychological Association. (2019a). Careers in psychology. https://
www.apa.org/careers/index

American Psychological Association. (2019b). Psychology topics. Retrieved from
https://www.apa.org/topics/index

American Psychological Association. (2019c). About APA. https://www.apa.org/

about/index

Reference Examples

Additional Resources from USC Libraries

 APA Publication Manual, 7th edition. Doheny Memorial Library BOOKSTACKS BF76.7 .P83

 APA Style Guide, 7th edition: https://libguides.usc.edu/APA7th

Academic Integrity
Academic honesty is essential to an

university community’s purpose and

pursuits. Thus, academic integrity is

expected of all USC students. A stu-

dent’s academic work and conduct

should always represent the stu-

dent’s personal effort and thus be

above reproach. Those who are

dishonest impair their own intellec-

tual and personal growth and devel-

opment and undermine the integri-

ty of the community that nurtures

them.

Reference List

 Starts on a new page after the

body of your paper titled Refer-

ences (before appendix)

 References follow a Who,

When, What and Where for-

mat.

 Includes ALL sources cited and

quoted within your paper

(except personal communica-

tion or interviews)

 Listed alphabetically by first

author

 Only authors last name and

initials are provided

 Pay attention to capitalization

and proper use of ¡Italics.

The running head is a shorter version of
your title. It should be at the top left
corner of every page, in all caps.

Page numbers
go in the top
right corner.

The title goes in the center of the page, in bold.
Every major word should be capitalized.

The author goes
here.

This is the author’s
institution.

The abstract gets a
heading like this, in
bold.

This is the only
paragraph in the
paper that is not
indented.

Keywords go after the
abstract, like this.

Here’s the title again, with each word capitalized,
in bold. Note that this is the only heading here –
the introduction section does NOT have a heading.

Every new
paragraph is
indented.

Citation for a
paper with one
author. Note that
all in-text
citations appear
BEFORE the
period.

Citation for a
paper with
two authors.

Citation for a
paper with
one author
where the
author is
mentioned in
the text.

Citation for a paper with three or
more authors. Note the
punctuation around “et al.” There
is NO period after the “et” and
there IS a period after the “al.”

The major sections should
have headings like this,
centered and in bold.

If you split a section into sub-
sections, each one gets a
heading like this. The label is
flush left, in bold.

All figures
should be
referenced in
the text.

Note how here and throughout the
paper, EVERYTHING is double-spaced.
This includes the title page and the
reference list.

We’ve reached the end of
the paper. The reference list
doesn’t start until the next
page.

The reference section is labeled
like this, in bold. It does NOT say
“works cited” or “bibliography.”

References go
in
alphabetical
order, and
each one has
a hanging
indent.

Include the last name and
first initial of each author.
Do NOT write out their full
names.

Only the first word of an
article title (and the first
word after a colon) is
capitalized.

Journal titles are in italics
and each word is
capitalized.

The volume
number is in
italics, and
the issue
number is in
parentheses.

Page numbers go here.
Note that there are no p’s
before the numbers.

This is the doi. Every
published article has one.
You should be able to find it
somewhere on the title
page of the article.

This is the year the article
was published. Do NOT
include the month or day.

Effects of Stress On the Development and Progression of Cardiovascular Disease.

Student Name: Yang Shi

Course: The Mind and Body Connection Through the Lifespan

Instructors Name: Dr Paul Nash, Timothy Lu

Date: 04/13/2021

Abstract Comment by Gillian Fennell: We did not need an abstract

 

The study involves assessing the relationship between diverse stress model at work, and cardiovascular illness leading to unhealthy ageing. The research involves a literature search on different databases to determine the past studies conducted on the topic. The studies’ inclusion criteria were based on the self-reported strain form people at the workstations, study design, and disease manifestation. Twenty-six studies were included in the study. The risk estimations for work stress were linked with a statistically substantial increase in the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in 14 out of 26 study groups.  The study revealed the significance of psychosocial factors in the work environment in the development of cardiovascular diseases. The study recommends that individuals undertake personal measures to manage stress and manage challenging work conditions and organizational changes. Comment by Gillian Fennell: Impressive!! Comment by Gillian Fennell: You say 26, but you only cite 5? By no means do you need to cite 26 papers for this assignment, but this is misleading

 

Introduction

           Cardiovascular disorders are the leading cause of morbidity and death and account for more than half of all globally (cite). Although there has been a decline in chronic heart disease mortality in the past decade, the prevalence and incidence of chronic illness are still more prevalent (cite). Therefore, cardiovascular illnesses are a significant public health concern and an economic problem for both the healthcare system and society (Stoney et al.,2018). The adverse working environment is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases (cite). It results in unhealthy working conditions due to the physical workload, lengthy working hours, noise, shift work, and social job features, including the occupation position (Gheisari et al.,2018). There is a high correlation between heart diseases and work stress. 

           A study involving approximately 600,000 men and women from a total of 27 cohort researches in the USA, Europe, and Japan found that work stressors usually occur from job strain and extensive working hours to be linked to reasonably increased risk of occurrence stroke and coronary heart illness (Stoney et al.,2018). Stress results in the stimulation of neuroendocrine retorts to the stressor or unhealthy behaviors such as lack of physical activity, too much alcohol intake and smoking (Pignatelli et al.,2018). Work stress is also derived from a demanding employer, annoying coworkers, rebellious students, angry customers, hazardous condition, long transforms and the ever ending workload. Work stress often contributes to strained interaction with supervisors and peers, resulting in the combined feeling of helplessness and hopelessness, which generates heightened sensitivities to all form of criticism, depression, paranoia affecting one’s health (cite) . Comment by Gillian Fennell: ?

 Literature review

Most adults often spend almost half of their day at the workplace; hence, the workplace is an essential setting that promotes workers’ health and wellbeing. Although there exist numerous national and international bodies that ensure and safeguard the health and wellbeing of employees (Pignatelli et al.,2018). The physical, chemical and biological hazards in the work environment are the primary cause of the workers’ psychosocial stress (cite). The psychosocial demand and the low individual control results in physiological strain, thus increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Kivimäki & Steptoe (2018) concluded that long working hours can robustly beare significantly related to the augmented (?) danger of stroke across various socioeconomic groups, men, women and either young and adults. In research, the general relative risk of stroke-related to long working hours was 95% (Stoney et al.,2018). Comment by Gillian Fennell: ?

Atherosclerosis that results from the clotting of arterial walls and the growth of plaques is a common cause of cardiovascular illness (cite). A study that measured the effects of the carotid intima-media wideness (IMT) in cohort groups carried out non-invasively through the usage of external ultrasound. In young grownups, job stress was cross-sectional linked with increased IMT, mostly in men (Kivimäki & Steptoe, 2018). Another survey that focused on middle-aged adults established a reliable link between workplace stress and carotid IMT in both men and women (cite). Further work stress most possibly induces biological changes hence indirectly affecting a person lifestyle factors. For instance, workers suffering job strain are possible likely to be more physically inactive than individuals free from job stress; thus, there is a uncertain relation of work stressors with increased smoking intensity and high alcohol consumption (cite).

Dar et al. (2019) asserts that the lack of reciprocity in the workplace is a significant source of psychosocial stress at the workstation. According to him, work rewards, including income, honor, and career opportunities, shield the undesirable effect of the psychological and physical burden of energies. Thus lack of work rewards are likely to create an imbalance and hence causing illness. Kivimäki & Steptoe (2018) asserts that stress leads to increased oxygen requirement in the body, which tremor the heart blood vessels causing an electrical uncertainty in the heart’s transmission system. Therefore, chronic stress has proved to increase the heartbeat and blood flow, stimulating the heart to work harder to support the blood flow required for overall bodily functions. (Dar et al.,2019). Therefore, stress leads to increased blood pressure, posing a high risk for anxiety and heart attack. Comment by Gillian Fennell: Maybe not the right word? Acknowledgement? Appreciation?

Stress usually results in cardiovascular illness risks due to smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity involvement. Chronic stress is usually linked with high cardiovascular events. In 2016, a report released by the World Health Organization concerning policy and research effects of life course viewpoints on CVD recommended the general strategies for reducing stress in the adult setting, such as the workplace, which is valuable in decreasing CVD risk. Dar et al. (2019) contends that an individual suffers from the first or recurring CVD condition, there is a high probability of declined workability, thus resulting in retirement. This implies that patients with CVD are at an increased chance of losing their work capability permanently, thus exiting from the job market with disability allowance. 

Research Method

The research uses a systematic review of the effects of work stress on cardiovascular illness development by gathering and analyzing all-important publications with a predefined approach. The analysis considers various databases encompassing MEDLINE to effectively identify articles published in scholarly journals and other recent studies and comprise those research based on the stress models. All research dealing with stress, either on mental anxiety, work stress, demand, rewards, occupational stress in controlling hypertension, and cardiovascular illness, were considered (Pignatelli et al.,2018). The research also undertook a self-reports and expert-based assessment on individuals from the workplaces.

The criteria for selecting diseases were cardiovascular disease, heart failure, stroke, and coronary heart diseases. Arteriosclerosis and blood pressure were used as the metric variables in the study. The search produced about 1,769 research’s for the period between 2015 and March 2020, amid which 26 were ultimately chosen based on the above inclusion criteria. No randomized controlled study covering this topic was found. Twenty cohorts were designated in the selected 26 journals. Amid 26 studies involved in these studies, the study used the exposure model, outcome, and gender-stratified results. There was a statistically substantial relationship between cardiovascular disease and psychosocial stress in 14 out of 26 publications in the research.

Discussion

The included studies provided different information regarding the risk to psychosocial burden. Psychosocial factors that act as stressors in everyday work are complex, and each exposure model addressed various features of a work condition. The parts highlighted on the exposure models and analyzed on all the 26 studies indicated another stressor such as bullying at the workplace or uncertainty concerning some of the responsibilities and noise that causes the augmented experience of stress and anxieties (Pignatelli et al.,2018). Work stress was found to affect the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases.

Findings

The research provided substantial evidence on the relationship between psychosocial stress and cardiovascular diseases resulting from unhealthy ageing and increased morbidity and death rates. The association was contingent on the stress model used, and the people and the subgroups studied (Dar et al.,2019). All research founded on the effort-reward disparity model, and nearly half of the studies illustrated that job strain had a significant impact on work stress and cardiovascular disease development. The exposure model found priority one of the most substantial causes of cardiovascular diseases, although it was only used in three studies. Therefore, the stress model proposed the most significant evidence on the relationship between cardiovascular diseases and stress.

Summary and recommendation

  The study provides substantial evidence on the association of the workplace’s psychosocial factors as the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. However, the study proposes that due to the constant change in the workplace, the relative significance of stress as the only factor will also change as new stress factors are developing and thus need to be studied in the exposure models re-counting psychosocial load. The study found a high association of intense work with increased event coronary heart disease. Therefore, the study proposed more detailed models to be conducted on diverse issues linked with the experience of stress such as conflicts, leadership, job clarity and job insecurity as an essential factor in the workplace that are important to include in future studies. The study recommends individuals to employ various measures to manage stress work stress to manage the challenging work circumstances and administrative changes in the work environment to minimize the effects of work risk factors that results to cardiovascular illnesses.

 

References

Dar, T., Radfar, A., Abohashem, S., Pitman, R. K., Tawakol, A., & Osborne, M. T. (2019). Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease. Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine, 21(5), 1-17.

Gheisari, Z., Beiranvand, R., Karimi, A., Ghalavandi, S., Soleymani, A., Madmoli, M., & Bavarsad, A. H. (2018). Relationship between Occupational Stress and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Determination: A Case-control Study. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 6(3), 287-293.

Kivimäki, M., & Steptoe, A. (2018). Effects of stress on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 15(4), 215.

Pignatelli, P., Menichelli, D., Pastori, D., & Violi, F. (2018). Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease: new insights. Kardiol Pol, 76(4), 713-722.

Stoney, C. M., Kaufmann, P. G., & Czajkowski, S. M. (2018). Cardiovascular disease: Psychological, social, and behavioral influences: Introduction to the special issue. American Psychologist, 73(8), 949.