questions

Original Work, No Plagiarism, Cite and Reference

Adaptation and Alterations in Cell Function

1. Describe the processes cells use to communicate with each other

2. What is the electron transport chain and why is it important for oxidative metabolism and the formation of ATP?

3. How does cell damage impair oxidative phosphorylation?

4. What is the most common cause of reversible cell injury?

5. Differentiate between the 6 adaptive cellular growth patterns

6. Outline the mechanisms of cell injury

7. How does cellular apoptosis differ from cellular ischemic injury?

8. How do excess free oxygen radicals damage the cell?

9. What substance act as free oxygen radical scavengers?

10. Describe the sequence of events that occurs in the cell when oxygen is cut off or unavailable

Genetic Abnormalities

1. Define the following: genotype, phenotype, codon, allele, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

2. What is the function of DNA, RNA, messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA?

3. Differentiate between autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive traits and disorders

4. Define the process of translocation, deletion, and inversion of chromosomes

5. Differentiate between polyploidy, aneuploidy, and X inactivation

6. Describe the principles of inheritance associated with an X-linked disease

7. Describe the characteristics of in individual with the sex chromosome pattern of XYY

8. Define the term DNA mutations and describe the types of DNA mutations

9. Describe the gene mutation concepts of pleiotropism, penetrance, variable expression, and heterogeneity

10. Describe mitochondrial inheritance?