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Question Bank for the Mid-Term Exams

Use all those ppt answer the questions.

Questions are in GSAS+222+OB.PDF

GSAS 222

Short-Answer Questions

1. What does online mean?

2. What is the difference between system software and application software?

3. Briefly define cyberspace.

4. What is the difference between software and hardware?

5. What is multimedia?

6. What is the difference between microcomputers and supercomputers?

7. What is the function of RAM?

8. What does downloading mean?

9. What is meant by connectivity?

10. Describe some ways that information technology can be used to help people find jobs and to

help jobs find people.

11. Compare the use of email to the use of the telephone and of conventional letters sent via the

postal system. Which kinds of communications are best suited for which medium?

12. What is the basic meaning of cloud computing?

II.

13. Name three methods of data transmission that are faster than a dial-up connection.

14. What is netiquette, and why is it

important?

15. Briefly define bandwidth.

16. Many web documents are “linked.” What does that mean?

17. Compare and contrast a cable modem service to a DSL service.

18. Explain the basics of how the Internet works.

19. Briefly explain TCP/IP..

20. What’s the difference between a dynamic IP address and a static IP address?

21. State your answer to a person who asks you the question, “Who owns the Internet?”

22. How does the Internet affect your life?

III.

23. Briefly define booting.

24. What is the difference between a command-driven interface and a graphical user interface

(GUI)?

25. Why can’t you run your computer without system software?

26. Why is multitasking useful?

27. What is a device driver?

28. What is a utility program?

29. What are the three components of system software? What is the basic function of each?

30. What is open-source software?

31. What are the following types of application software used for?

a. project management software

b. desktop-publishing software

c. database software

d. spreadsheet software

e. word processing software

32. Explain what computer-aided design (CAD) programs do.

33. What is ASCII, and what do the letters stand for?

34. Why should measures of capacity matter to computer users?

35. What’s the difference between RAM and ROM?

36. What is the significance of the term gigahertz?

37. What is a motherboard? Name at least four components of a motherboard.

38. What are the most convenient forms of backup storage? Why?

39. Why is it important for your computer to be expandable?

40. What is nanotechnology?

41. What are the uses of a surge protector, voltage regulator, and UPS, and why are these devices

important?

42. Explain the binary system.

43. What is Unicode?

44. What is a common use of dumb terminals?

45. What characteristics determine the clarity of a computer screen?

46. Describe two situations in which scanning is useful.

47. What is source data entry?

48. What is pixel short for? What is a pixel?

49. Discuss the different types of printers and their features.

50. What is OCR used for?

Long Answer Questions

1. Do you wish there was an invention to make your life easier or better? Describe it. What would

it do for you? Come up with ideas on how that device may be constructed.

2. From what you’ve read and what you have experienced and/or observed in your life, do you

have a positive, negative, or impartial view of our rapidly converging technological society?

Why? Reevaluate your answers as you work through the course.

3. Computers are almost everywhere, and they affect most walks of life—business, education,

government, military, hobbies, shopping, socializing, research, and so on. What aspects of your

life can you think of that still seem relatively unaffected by computers and technology? Is this a

good thing or a bad thing, and is it likely to last? What aspects of your life have been the most

conspicuously affected by technology? Has anything been made worse or harder in your life by

the advance of computers? What about things that have been made better or easier?

4. Have you become extremely dependent on some technologies? Some people no longer write

down telephone numbers anywhere; instead, they simply program them into their cellphones.

Some people feel helpless in a foreign country unless they have a calculator in hand to compute

currency conversions. Many people rely on their email archive or cellphone to hold essential

information, such as addresses and appointments. When any of these technologies fails us, we

can feel lost.

5. Make a list of technologies that have become indispensable to your life. Imagine the

consequences if any of these technologies should fail you. What can you do to protect yourself

against such failure?

6. Write down what you think are the advantages and disadvantages of social networking (for

example, Facebook).

7. It has been said that the computer is a “meta medium” because it can simulate (behave as) any

other medium. Thus a computer can present text that can be read from virtual “pages” as if it

were a book; it can let you compose and print text as if it were a typewriter; it can play music

like an MP3 player; it can display video as if it were a television set; it can make telephone calls

as if it were a telephone; it can let you “draw” and “paint”; it can be programmed to serve as an

answering machine; and so forth.

8. Imagine a future in which digital electronic devices have replaced all the things they can

emulate. What benefits to your life can you see in such a future? What things might be worse?

What dangers can you see? Do you think this kind of radical convergence is likely? If so, how

long do you think it will take?

9. Distance learning uses electronic links to extend college campuses to people who otherwise

would not be able to take college courses. Are you, or is someone you know, involved in

distance learning? If so, research the system’s components and uses. What hardware and

software do students need in order to communicate with the instructor and classmates? What

courses are offered? Discuss the pros and cons of distance learning compared to classroom-

based learning.

10. As more and more homes get high-speed broadband Internet connections, the flow of data will

become exponentially faster and will open up many new possibilities for sharing large files such

as video. What types of interactive services can you envision for the future?

11. Draw a diagram of what happens when you log onto your ISP; include all the connections you

think possible for your situation.

12. How do the latest smartphones incorporate the Internet into their functions? What functions

could be improved? Have any of these extra functions affected your daily life?

13. Imagine that a relative or friend wants to start using the Internet for the first time. You want to

help this beginner get started, but you need to be careful not to get carried away and bombard

him or her with more information than he or she can use. What three or four things would you

tell and show this person first? What things do you think will be hardest for him or her to

master? How do you think using the Internet is likely to change this person’s life?

14. How do you think you will obtain software for your computer in the future? Explain your

answer.

15. Design your own handheld. Draw what your ideal handheld would look like, and draw screens of

what your user interface would look like. Describe the key features of your handheld.

16. What sorts of tasks do operating systems not do that you would like them to do?

17. If you were in the market for a new microcomputer today, what application software would you

want to use on it? Why? What are some “dream” applications that you would like that have not

yet been developed?

18. Several websites include libraries of shareware programs. Visit the www.5star-shareware.com

site, and identify three shareware programs that interest you. State the name of each program,

the operating system it runs on, and its capabilities. Also, describe the contribution you must

make to receive technical support. What about freeware? Check out www.freewarehome.com.

19. How do you think you could use desktop publishing at home? For personal items? Family

occasions? Holidays? What else? What hardware and software would you have to buy?

20. Think of three new ways that software companies could prevent people from pirating their

software.

21. What is your favorite application software program of all? Why?

22. Storing humans: If the human genome is 800 million bytes (according to Raymond Kurzweil),

how many humans could you fit on a 120-GB hard drive?

23. Paperless office is a term that has been around for some time. However, the paperless office has

not yet been achieved. Do you think the paperless office is a good idea? Do you think it’s

possible? Why do you think it has not yet been achieved?

24. Compare and contrast the pros and cons of different types of monitors. Decide which one is best

for you, and explain why.

25. Biometrics: Which form of biometric technology do you prefer for identification purposes:

fingerprints, voice intonation, facial characteristics, or retinal identification? Which do you think

will become most commonly used in the future?

Chapter 6

Communications, Networks, & Cyberthreats

5 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Introduction to Information Technology

© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Chapter Topics

2
UNIT 6A: Networks & Wired & Wireless Data
6.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age
6.2 Networks
6.3 Wired Communications Data
6.4 Wireless Communications Media
UNIT 6B: Cyberthreats, Security, & Privacy Issues
6.5 Cyberintruders: Trolls, Spies, Hackers, & Thieves
6.6 Cyberattacks & Malware
6.7 Concerns about Privacy & Identity Theft

Introduction to Information Technology
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Digital convergence is the gradual merger of computing and communications into a new information environment, in which the same information is exchanged among many kinds of equipment, using the language of computers.
At the same time, there has been a convergence of several important industries—computers, telecommunications, consumer electronics, entertainment, mass media— producing new electronic products that perform multiple functions.
3

6.1 From the Analog
to the Digital Age
4

Digital
Computers use digital signals—0s and 1s, off and on.
All the data that a computer processes is a series of
0s and 1s.
Each signal is a bit.
Analog
But most phenomena in life are analog.
Analog signals use wave variations, continuously changing.
Sound, light, and temperature are analog forms.
Traditional TV and radio use analog signals.
Humans’ vision operates in analog mode.
But analog data can be converted into digital form. Even though digital data is not as exact as analog data, it is easier to manipulate.
5

For data transmission over telephone lines and cables, modems are needed to convert analog data into digital data that computers can use.
Modem is short for modulate/demodulate. Modems modulate (convert) a computer’s digital data to analog data, transmit it, then demodulate (reconvert) it back to digital data for the receiving computer.
Modems can convert data by modulating either a analog wave’s amplitude or its frequency.
6

Chapter Topics
8
UNIT 6A: Networks & Wired & Wireless Data
6.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age
6.2 Networks
6.3 Wired Communications Data
6.4 Wireless Communications Media
UNIT 6B: Cyberthreats, Security, & Privacy Issues
6.5 Cyberintruders: Trolls, Spies, Hackers, & Thieves
6.6 Cyberattacks & Malware
6.7 Concerns about Privacy & Identity Theft

6.2 Networks
9

Network: system of interconnected computers, telephones, and/or other communications devices that can communicate with one another and share applications and data.
Benefits of Networks
Share peripheral devices, such as printers, scanners, disk drives
Share software
Share data and information
Better communications
Accessing databases
Centralized communications
Security of information, because of improved backup systems
10

Types of networks: WANs, MANs, & Others
Wide area network (WAN): Communications network that covers a wide geographic area, such as a country or the world. Most long-distance and regional telephone companies are WANs. WANs are used to connect local area networks. The best example of a WAN is the Internet.
Metropolitan area network (MAN): Communications network covering a city or a suburb. Many cellphone systems are MANs.
Local area network (LAN): Connects computers and devices in a limited geographic area, such as one office, one building, or a group of buildings close together. LANs are the basis for most office networks, and the organization that runs the LAN owns it. WANs and MANs generally use a common carrier—a telecommunications company that hires itself out to the public to provide communications transmission services—for at least part of its connections. (A home area network is a LAN.)
11
(continued)

12
UPDATE

Network Architecture: How Networks Are Structured
1. Client/Server
Consists of clients, which are computers that request data, and servers, which are computers that supply data.
File servers act like a network-based shared disk drive.
Database servers store data but don’t store programs.
Print servers connect one or more printers and schedule and control print jobs.
Mail servers manage email.
2. Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
All computers on the network are “equal” and communicate directly with one another, without relying on servers.

Intranets, Extranets, & VPNs: Use the Internet as their base
Intranets—use infrastructure and standards of the Internet and the web, but for an organization’s internal use only.
Extranets—similar to intranets but allows use by selected outside entities, such as suppliers.
VPNs (virtual private networks): use a public network (usually the Internet) plus intranets and extranets to connect an organization’s various sites) but on a private basis, via encryption and authentication; regular Internet users do not have access to the VPN’s data and information.
All use firewalls for security, a system of hardware and/or software that protects the system from intruders.
15

Network Components — all networks have several things in common:
wired = twisted-pair, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable
wireless = infrared, microwave, radio, Wi-Fi, satellite
Hosts and Nodes: Client/server network has a host computer, which controls the network; a node is any device attached to the network.
Packets—fixed-length blocks of data for transmission, reassembled after transmission.
Protocols—set of conventions, or rules, governing the exchange of data between hardware and/or software components in the network; built into the hardware or software you are using. (continued)

Each packet, or electronic message, carries four types of information that will help it get to its destination;
the sender’s address (IP)
the intended receiver’s address
how many packets the complete message has been broken into
the number of this particular packet. The packets carry the data in the protocols that the Internet uses—that is, TCP/IP

Network topology: The layout (shape) of a network
Star – all nodes are connected through a central network switch
Ring – all nodes are connected in a continuous loop
Bus – all nodes are connected to a single wire or cable
Tree – a bus network of star networks
Mesh – messages sent to the destination can take any possible shortest, easiest route to reach its destination. There must be at least two paths to any individual computer to create a mesh network. (Wireless networks are often implemented as a mesh, and the Internet is a mesh.)
18

Star Network

Ring Network

Bus Network

Ethernet
Ethernet is a LAN technology that can be used with almost any kind of computer and that describes how data can be sent between computers and other networked devices usually in close proximity.
Commonly used in star topologies.
25

Chapter Topics
26
UNIT 6A: Networks & Wired & Wireless Data
6.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age
6.2 Networks
6.3 Wired Communications Data
6.4 Wireless Communications Media
UNIT 6B: Cyberthreats, Security, & Privacy Issues
6.5 Cyberintruders: Trolls, Spies, Hackers, & Thieves
6.6 Cyberattacks & Malware
6.7 Concerns about Privacy & Identity Theft

6.3 Wired Communications Media
27

Communications media are the means of interchanging or transmitting and receiving information.
A. Twisted-Pair Wire (dial-up connections)
2 strands of insulated copper wire twisted around each other
Twisting reduces interference (crosstalk) from electrical signals
Data rates are 1 – 128 megabits per second (slow)
B. Coaxial Cable
Insulated copper wire wrapped in a metal shield and then in an external plastic cover
Used for cable TV and cable Internet electric signals
Carries voice and data up to 200 megabits per second
C. Fiber-optic cable
Dozens or hundreds of thin strands of glass or plastic that transmit pulses of light, not electricity
Can transmit up to 2 gigabits per second (very fast)
Have lower error rate than twisted-pair or coax
More expensive than twisted-pair or coax
Lighter and more durable than twisted-pair or coax
More difficult to tap into than twisted-pair or coax
28

Chapter Topics
29
UNIT 6A: Networks & Wired & Wireless Data
6.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age
6.2 Networks
6.3 Wired Communications Data
6.4 Wireless Communications Media
UNIT 6B: Cyberthreats, Security, & Privacy Issues
6.5 Cyberintruders: Trolls, Spies, Hackers, & Thieves
6.6 Cyberattacks & Malware
6.7 Concerns about Privacy & Identity Theft

6.4 Wireless Communications Media
30

Electromagnetic spectrum of radiation is the basis of all telecommunications signals, wired and wireless.
Radio-frequency (RF) spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum
that carries most communications signals.
31

Bandwidth: range (band) of frequencies that a transmission medium can carry in a given period of time
Analog bandwidth is expressed in hertz, digital bandwidth usually in bits per second (bps)
Narrowband (voiceband): used for regular telephone communications
Transmission rate 1.5 megabits per second or less
Broadband: For high-speed data and high-quality audio and video; wide band of frequencies
Transmission rate 1.5 megabits per second to 1 gigabit per second or more
33

TC/IP (Ch. 2) is the protocol for getting wired devices connected to the Internet
WAP (wireless application protocol): Wireless handheld devices such as cellphones use the Wireless Application Protocol for connecting wireless users to the Web. Just as the protocol TCP/IP was designed to provide a wired connection to your Internet access provider, WAP is a standard designed to link nearly all mobile devices telecommunications carriers’ wireless networks and content providers.
34

Infrared Transmission
Sends signals using infrared light (TV remotes)
Frequencies are too low to see (1-16 megabits per second)
Broadcast Radio
AM/FM, CB, cellphones, police radio
Sends data over long distances using a transmitter and a receiver (up to 2 megabits per second)
Cellular Radio
Form of broadcast radio
Widely used in cellphones and wireless modems
Transmits voice and digital messages
Microwave Radio
Superhigh-frequency radio transmit voice and data at 45 megabits per second
Requires line-of-sight transmitters and receivers
More than ½ of today’s telephones systems use microwave
Communications Satellites
Microwave relay stations in orbit around the earth
Basis for Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
Cover broad service area
35
Five Types of Wireless Communications Media

Communications Satellites (continued)
Can be placed at different heights: GEO, MEO, LEO
GEO – geostationary earth orbit
22,300 miles above earth; travel at the same speed as the earth and so appear to us to be stationary
Always above equator
Transmission delay (latency) can make conversations difficult; not good for applications requiring real-time user input
MEO – medium-earth orbit
5,000 – 10,000 miles up
LEO – low-earth orbit
200 – 1,000 miles up
Has no signal delay
36

Long-Distance Wireless: One-Way Communication
GPS (Global Positioning System)
24 to 32 MEO satellites continuously transmitting timed radio signals to identify Earth locations
Each satellite circles earth twice each day at 11,000 miles up
GPS receivers pick up transmissions from up to 4 satellites and pinpoint the receiver’s location
Accurate within 3 – 50 feet, with a norm of 10 feet accuracy
Not all services based on GPS technology are reliable
37

Long-Distance Wireless: One-Way Communication (continued)
One-way Pagers: radio receivers that receive data sent from a special radio transmitter
Radio transmitter sends out signals over the special frequency; pagers are tuned to that frequency
When a particular pager hears its own code, it receives and displays the message
Often used in hospitals and areas where smartphones are not allowed
38

Long-Distance Wireless: Two-Way Communication
1G: First-Generation Cellular Service
Analog cellphones
Designed for voice communication using a system of hexagonal ground-area cells around transmitter-receiver cell towers
Good for voice – less effective for data because of handing off
2G: Second-Generation Cellular Service
Uses digital signals
First digital voice cellular network
39

Long-Distance Wireless: Two-Way Communication (continued)
3G: Third-Generation Cellular Service
Broadband technology
Carries data at high speeds: 144 kilobits per second up to 3.1 megabits per second
Accepts e-mail with attachments
Displays color video and still pictures
Plays music
40

Long-Distance Wireless: Two-Way Communication (continued)
4G: Fourth-Generation Cellular Service
A nationwide 4G network is in development; up to 100 megabits/second
Enables faster Internet surfing
Includes LTE (Long Term Evolution), an international standard widely adopted in the United States and several countries in Europe and Asia. LTE supports data transfer rates of up to 100 megabits per second over cellular networks.
41

Cellphone Connections

Short-Range Wireless: Two-Way Communication
Local Area Networks
Range 100 – 228 feet
Include Wi-Fi (802.11) type networks
Wi-Fi n is the latest and fastest Wi-Fi technology
Personal Area Networks
Range 30 – 33 feet
Use Bluetooth, ultra wideband, and wireless USB
Home Automation networks
Range 100 – 150 feet
Use Insteon, ZigBee, and Z-Wave standards
43

44
Wi-Fi setup in a restaurant

General Wi-Fi Network

UNIT 6B: Cyberthreats: Trolls, Spies, & Hackers & Thieves
The ongoing dilemma of the Digital Age is balancing convenience against security.
Security consists of safeguards for protecting information technology against unauthorized access, system failures, and disasters that can result in damage or loss.

Chapter Topics
47
UNIT 6A: Networks & Wired & Wireless Data
6.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age
6.2 Networks
6.3 Wired Communications Data
6.4 Wireless Communications Media
UNIT 6B: Cyberthreats, Security, & Privacy Issues
6.5 Cyberintruders: Trolls, Spies, Hackers, & Thieves
6.6 Cyberattacks & Malware
6.7 Concerns about Privacy & Identity Theft

6.5 Cyberintruders
Trolls, Spies, Hackers, & Thieves

Trolls aren’t necessarily destructive, but they can be disruptive on online comment boards.
A troll is a person who posts intentionally offensive, incendiary, or off-topic comments online, to upset people.
Many companies have extensive data-collection efforts that constantly track (spy on) our personal activities.

Malicious hackers break into computers for malicious purposes.
Script kiddies are technically unsophisticated teenagers who use downloadable software for perform break-ins.
Hacktivists are hacker activists who break into systems for a political or a socially motivated purpose.
Black-hat hackers break into computers to steal or destroy information or to use it for illegal profit.
Cyberterrorists attack computer systems so as to bring physical, political or financial harm to groups, companies, or nations.
Benign hackers (thrill-seeker hackers) illegally access computer systems simply for the challenge of it, not to damage or steal anything; their reward is the achievement of breaking in.
Benevolent hackers (ethical hackers or white-hat hackers) are usually computer professionals who break into computer systems and networks with the knowledge of their owners to expose security flaws that can then be fixed.
50

Thieves may be a company’s employees or suppliers or professionals.
Employees
Outside partners & suppliers
Hardware thieves
Con artists, scammers, & counterfeiters

Chapter Topics
52
UNIT 6A: Networks & Wired & Wireless Data
6.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age
6.2 Networks
6.3 Wired Communications Data
6.4 Wireless Communications Media
UNIT 6B: Cyberthreats, Security, & Privacy Issues
6.5 Cyberintruders: Trolls, Spies, Hackers, & Thieves
6.6 Cyberattacks & Malware
6.7 Concerns about Privacy & Identity Theft

6.6 Cyberattacks & Malware

Networks and computer systems are susceptible to attacks by all kinds of malware.
Some common cyberthreats are denial-of-service attacks; viruses; worms; Trojan horses; rootkits and backdoors; blended threats; zombies; ransomware; and time, logic, and email bombs.
54

Cyberthreats:
Denial of Service Attack
Consists of making repeated requests of a computer or network device, thereby overloading it and denying access to legitimate users.
Used to target particular companies or individuals.
Virus
Deviant program that hides in a file or a program on a disk, flash memory drive, in an e-mail, or in a web link and that causes unexpected effects such as destroying or corrupting data.
Usually attached to an executable file that you must run or open (to activate the virus).

Cyberthreats (continued)
Worms
A program that copies itself repeatedly into a computer’s memory or disk drive.
May copy itself so much it crashes the infected computer.
Trojan Horses
Programs that pretend to be a useful program such as a free game or a screensaver but that carry viruses or malicious instructions that damage your computer or install a backdoor or spyware.
Backdoors and spyware allow others to access your computer without your knowledge.
56

Cyberthreats (continued)
Cellphone Malware
Spread via Internet downloads, MMS attachments, and Bluetooth transfers
Usually show up disguised as applications such as games, security patches, add-on functionalities, erotica, and free programs
Protect your phone:
Turn off Bluetooth discoverable mode
Check security updates to learn about filenames to watch out for
Install security software
57

Cyberthreats (continued)
How they spread
Via e-mail attachments
By infected disks and flash drives
By clicking on infiltrated websites
By downloading infected files from websites
Through infiltrated Wi-Fi hotspots
From one infected PC on a LAN to another
What can you do about it?
Install antivirus and firewall software
Subscribe to the manufacturer’s automatic antivirus
update service
58

Online Safety
Use antivirus software, and keep it current
Install a firewall to monitor network traffic and filter out undesirable types of traffic and undesirable sites
Don’t use the same password for multiple sites
Don’t give out any password information
Use robust passwords:
Minimum 8 characters with letters, numbers, characters
4cats is not a good password; f0UrK@tTz is safer
Use biometric identification
Use encryption
59

Online Safety (continued)
Install antispyware software
Encrypt financial and personal records so only you can read them
Back up your data, so if your PC is attacked and must be reformatted, you can restore your data
Never download from a website you don’t trust
Consider biometric authentication
60

Online Safety (continued)
Encryption
Process of altering readable data into unreadable form to prevent unauthorized access
Uses powerful mathematical ciphers to create coded messages that are difficult to break
Unencrypted messages are known as plain text
Encrypted text is known as cybertext
You use an encryption key to encrypt and decrypt codded messages
61

6.7 Concerns about Privacy & Identity Theft

The proliferation of networks and databases have put privacy under great pressure.
Privacy is the right of people not to reveal information about themselves.
Some threats to privacy:
Name migration
Résumé rustling & online snooping
Government prying & spying

Identity (ID) theft, or theft of identity (TOI), is a crime in which thieves hijack your name and identity and use your information and credit rating to get cash or buy things.
Wallet or purse theft
Mail theft
Mining the trash
Telephone solicitation
Insider access to database
Outsider access to database

If ID theft happens, contact:
Credit card companies
Your bank
Department of Automotive Vehicles
Utility companies
Phone companies
Local police
Federal Trade Commission
Other organizations you belong to

Chapter

Software: Tools for Productivity
& Creativity

Using Information Technology, 11e

Chapter Topics

2
UNIT 3A: System Software: The Power behind the Power
3.1 The Operating System: What It Does
3.2 Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utility Programs
3.3 Common Features of the User Interface
3.4 Common Operating Systems
UNIT 3B: Application Software: Getting Started
3.5 Application Software: Where to Get It, How to Use It
3.6 Data Files & Program Files
3.7 Word Processing Software
3.8 Spreadsheet Programs
3.9 Database Software
3.10 Office Suites & Integrated Packages
3.11 Specialty Application Software

Panel 3.6
Pages 126-127

Minimize, Maximize, Restore Down, and Close

Software can be obtained in a variety of ways:
36

Abandonware: Software that is no longer being sold or supported by its publisher (but may still not be legally copied)
39

Spelling checker
Grammar checker

Examples of Word templates

Sample Access database templates

Chapter

Hardware: Input & Output

Using Information Technology, 11e

Chapter Topics

2
UNIT 5A: Input Hardware
5.1 Keyboards
5.2 Pointing Devices
5.3 Source Data-Entry Devices
5.4 The Future of Input
UNIT 5B: Output Hardware
5.5 Softcopy Output: Display Screens
5.6 Hardcopy Output: Printers
5.7 Mixed Output: Sound, Voice, & Video
5.8 The Future of Output
5.9 Quality of Life: Health & Ergonomics

Audio-Input Devices
Record analog sound and translate it into digital files for storage and processing
Two ways to digitize audio (often via microphone)
Sound Board
An add-on board in a computer that converts analog sound to digital sound, stores it, and plays it back to speakers or amp
MIDI Board
Stands for Musical Instrument Digital Exchange
Uses a standard for the interchange between musical instruments, synthesizers, and computers
24

Speech-Recognition Systems
Use a microphone or telephone as an input device. Converts a person’s speech into digital signals by comparing against 200,000 or so stored patterns.
Used in places where people need their hands free – warehouses, car radios, stock exchange trades.
Helpful for people with visual or physical disabilities that prevent them from using other input devices.
25

Speech Recognition

Biometric-Input Devices
Biometrics is the science of measuring individual body characteristics, then using them to identify a person through a fingerprint, hand, eye, voice, or facial characteristics.
Example: notebook computers equipped with biometric sensors that read fingerprints, instead of passwords, before allowing access to networks.
Airport and building security systems use biometrics.
28

Screen Clarity
Dot pitch (dp) is the amount of space between adjacent pixels (square picture elements) on screen.
The closer the pixels, the crisper the image.
Get .25 dp or better.
Resolution refers to the image sharpness.
The more pixels, the better the resolution.
Expressed in dots per inch (dpi) .
35
pixel

Microcomputers come with graphics cards (video cards) that work with the screen.
Graphics cards have their own memory (VRAM), which stores each pixel’s information.
The more VRAM, the higher the resolution you can use.
Desktop publishers, graphics artists, and gamers need lots of VRAM.

Inkjet printers spray onto paper small, electrically charged droplets of ink from four or more nozzles through holes in a matrix at high speed.
Like laser and dot-matrix printers, inkjet printers form images with little dots. Inkjet printers commonly have a dpi of 4,800 x 1,200; they spray ink onto the page a line at a time, in both high-quality black-and-white text and high-quality color graphics.

Nonimpact printers also include:
Thermal printers: Low- to medium-resolution printers that use a type of coated paper that darkens when heat is applied to it; typically used in business for bar-code label applications and for printing cash register receipts.
Thermal wax-transfer printers: Print a wax-based ink onto paper. After it becomes cool, the wax adheres permanently to the paper. Because of their waterfastness, these labels find uses in industrial label printing.
Photo printers: Specialized machines for printing continuous-tone photo prints , with special paper and color dyes.
46

Chapter

Hardware: The CPU & Storage

Using Information Technology, 11e

CPU and Storage

Part I

How a computer processes data?

Transistors

Microchips

Electronic representation of data

Types of main memory

Expansion Cards, Bus lines, Ports

Part 2

Devices that store data

Hard Discs

Optical Discs (CD, DVD, Blue Ray)

Flash and Solid State Memory

Smart Cards

Cloud based or online storage

CPU

Memory

(1. ALU & 2. CU)
3. Registers
4. Buses

*Expansion Slots
*Ports: USB; FireWire; Ethernet; eSATA

1. RAM
2. ROM
3. CMOS
4. Flash

Chapter Topics
4
UNIT 4A: Processing: The System Unit, Microprocessors, & Main Memory
4.1 Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility
4.2 Representing Data Electronically
4.3 Inside the System Unit: Power Supply, Motherboard, & Microprocessors
4.4 The Central Processing Unit & the Machine Cycle
4.5 Memory
4.6 Expansion Cards, Bus Lines, & Ports
UNIT 4B: Secondary Storage
4.7 Secondary Storage
4.8 Future Developments in Processing & Storage

Chip

Binary System: the basic data-representation method for computers uses just two numbers: 0 and 1, representing the off/on states of electricity or light pulses.
Data is represented in a computer by binary code.

Terms

Definitions
Bay
Power Supply
Surge Protector
UPS
Motherboard
Microprocessor
Chipset
Opening in the computer cabinet used for the installation of electrical equipment.
This converts AC to DC to run the computer.
Protects the computer from being damaged by power spikes. Plug your computer into one.
Uninterruptible Power Supply. Battery-operated device that provides power for a limited time when there is a blackout.
Main system board of the computer (also systemboard).
Miniaturized circuitry of a computer processor.
Groups of interconnected chips on the motherboard that control information flow between the microprocessor and other system components connected to the motherboard.
.18

A Mac motherboard
Hard drive
Expansion cards
Motherboard
CD drive
Power supply
RAM slots

CPU

Memory

(1. ALU & 2. CU)
3. Registers
4. Buses

*Expansion Slots
*Ports: USB; FireWire; Ethernet; eSATA

1. RAM
2. ROM
3. CMOS
4. Flash

Traditional microcomputer microprocessors are Intel and AMD.
Multicore processors (2, 4, 6, 8) have more than one
processor “core” on a single silicon chip, which
allows computers to run faster.
Special processors are made for portable devices.
A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized processor used to manipulate three-dimensional (3-D) computer graphics.
24

Using Information Technology, 11e
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic operations and logical operations and controls the speed of those operations.
Arithmetic operations are the fundamental math operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Logical operations are comparisons–the ALU compares two pieces of data to see whether one is equal to ( = ), greater than (>), greater than or equal to ( >= ), less than (<), less than or equal to ( <= ), or not equal to ( ≠ ) the other. Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. The control unit and the ALU also use registers, special CPU areas that enhance the computer’s performance. Registers are high-speed storage areas that temporarily store data during processing. They may store a program instruction while it is being decoded, store data while it is being processed by the ALU, or store the results of a calculation. All data must be represented in a register before it can be processed. The number of registers that a CPU has and the size of each (number of bits) help determine the power and speed of a CPU. Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Buses are electrical data “roadways” through which bits are transmitted within the CPU and between the CPU and other components of the motherboard. In most computers, the bus width is the same as the computer’s word size, the number of bits that the processor can process at any one time. The more bits in a word, usually the faster the computer. A 32-bit-word computer will transfer data within each microprocessor chip in 32-bit chunks. A 64-bit-word computer is faster, transferring data in 64-bit chunks at a time. (Most, but not all, 32-bit software will run on a 64-bit system, but 64-bit software will not run on a 32-bit system.) Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 4.5 Memory Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Memory Two type of storage: primary and secondary. Primary storage = “memory,” “main memory,” “RAM”; this type of memory is temporary and volatile. Secondary storage = hard disks and flash memory units; this type of memory is relatively permanent and nonvolatile. 35 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Memory Chips RAM ROM CMOS Flash Explanation Random Access Memory chips are volatile and hold: Software instructions Data before & after the CPU processes it Read Only Memory Cannot be written on or erased without special equipment Are loaded at factory with fixed (permanent) start-up instructions (BIOS), that tell the computer how to load the operating system Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Powered by a battery Contains time, date, calendar, boot password Nonvolatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed more than once Doesn’t require a battery Used in newer PCs for BIOS instructions 36 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Speeding up Processing: Cache The CPU works much faster than RAM, so it often must wait for information Cache temporarily stores instructions and data that the processor uses frequently to speed up processing Level 1 cache is part of the microprocessor Holds 8 to 128 KB Faster than Level 2 cache Level 2 cache is external cache Holds 64 kb to 16 MB Level 3 cache is on the motherboard Comes on very high-end computers Holds 2 to 8 MB 37 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Virtual Memory—also used to speed up processing. This type of memory is unused hard disk or optical (CD) space that the processor uses to extend the capacity of RAM. The processor goes first to L1 cache, then L2 cache, then RAM, then virtual memory. Each type of memory is slower than its predecessor. 38 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 4.6 Expansion Cards, Bus Lines, & Ports Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Expansion cards plug into slots on the motherboard that are connected by buses to ports that the user can access. Expansion cards are circuit boards that provide more memory or that control peripheral devices (for graphics, sound, video, network interface, wireless connection, etc.). Buses connect the expansion cards to ports. A port is a connecting socket or jack on the outside of the computer unit or device into which are plugged different kinds of cables that connect peripheral devices. 40 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Expansion Cards: If a computer uses closed architecture, no expansion cards can be added; if the computer uses open architecture, expansion cards can be inserted in expansion slots inside the computer, connected to the motherboard. 41 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. An expansion bus is not the same as the frontside bus: Frontside bus: The bus that connects the CPU within itself and to main memory. Expansion bus: Buses that connect the CPU with expansion slots on the motherboard and thus via ports with peripheral devices. Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Types of expansion buses: PCI: High-speed bus that has been widely used to connect PC graphics cards, sound cards, modems, and high-speed network cards. PCI Express: Doubles the speed of the original PCI bus . PCIe is the latest standard for expansion cards available on mainstream personal computers. Accelerated Graphics: Transmits data at twice the speed of a PCI bus and is designed to support video and 3-D graphics. Universal Serial Bus (USB): Does away with the need to install cards in expansion slots. USB devices can connect one to another outside the system unit, and then the USB bus connects to the PCI bus on the motherboard. Firewire: Resembles the USB bus but is used for more specialized purposes, such as to connect audio and video equipment to the motherboard. Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Port Type Serial port Parallel port USB port Description Used to transmit data slowly over long distances Sends data sequentially, one bit at a time Used to connect older keyboards, mouse, monitors, dial-up modems For transmitting data quickly over short distances Transmits 8 bytes simultaneously Connects printers, external disks, tape backups Universal Serial Bus high-speed hardware standard for interfacing peripheral devices, such as scanners and printers, to computers without a need for special expansion cards or other hardware modifications to the computer. USB is replacing many varieties of serial and parallel ports. 44 A port is a socket for some kind of plug, of which there are many types. Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Specialized Expansion Ports Port Type FireWire Intended for multiple devices working with lots of data and requiring fast transmission speeds, such as DVD drives, digital video cameras, and gaming consoles. Ethernet Supports a network standard for linking a wired local area network and connecting it to a DSL or a cable modem for high-speed Internet access. Graphics Connects digital monitors and multimedia digital devices, such as TVs and DVD players. eSATA External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment; allows the attachment of an eSATA hard disk, which has fast data transmission speeds. Bluetooth Connects devices that use short-range radio waves that transmit up to 30 feet. IrDA Transfers data via infrared light waves between directly aligned devices, as between a smartphone and a desktop computer. HDMI High-Definition Multimedia Interface; carries both video and audio signals and is used for connecting HDTVs, DVD players, and game consoles to computers, laptops, and other devices. MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface; used to connect electronic musical instruments to a sound card that converts the signals to digital instructions that can be saved or manipulated. 45 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 46 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 47 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. UNIT 4B: Secondary storage hardware includes devices that permanently hold data and information as well as programs. Online, or cloud, storage is also available, but we still use secondary storage hardware. 48 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 4.7 Secondary Storage 49 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Hard Disks: Still the major secondary-storage device for desktop/tower computers. Thin, rigid metal, glass, or ceramic platters covered with a substance that allows data to be held in the form of magnetized spots. The more platters there are, the higher the drive capacity. Store data in tracks, sectors, and clusters. Formatting creates a file allocation table that maps files to clusters. Drive heads ride on .000001” cushion of air, and can crash! Important data should always be backed up! 50 read/write head Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 51 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Hard Disks (continued) Hard Disk Types: Nonremovable hard disk – Also known as a fixed disk; is housed in the microcomputer system unit and is used to store nearly all programs and most data files. Usually consists of several metallic or glass platters, from 1 to 5.25 inches (most commonly 3.5 inches) in diameter, stacked on a spindle, with data stored on both sides. Read/write heads, one for each side of each platter, are mounted on an access arm that moves back and forth to the right location on the platter. External hard disk – Freestanding disk drive (portable); usually connected via USB. RAID – redundant array of independent disks; for large computer systems. 52 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 53 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Optical Disks CDs (compact disks) and DVDs (digital versatile/video disks) are optical disks. DVDs hold more data then CDs do. Data is written and read using lasers, not a disk read/write head. CD-ROM is Compact Disk Read-Only Memory; content is prerecorded. CD-R (compact disk-recordable) is used for recording only once. CD-RW (compact disk-rewritable)is an erasable optical disk that can both record and erase data over and over again. 54 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Optical Disks (continued) DVD is a CD-style disk with extremely high capacity. DVD-R (DVD-recordable) is used for recording only once. DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, DVD+RW are reusable DVDs. Blu-ray is an optical-disk format used to record, rewrite, and play back high-definition (HD) video, as well as to store large amounts of data. 55 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Flash & Solid-State Storage Flash memory and solid-state memory have become the most important form of mobile secondary storage. Disk drives (hard disks or CDs/DVDs) all involve some moving parts—and moving parts can break. By contrast, flash memory has no moving parts; it is “solid state.” Flash memory is also nonvolatile—it retains data even when the power is turned off. Flash memory media are available in three forms: Some tablets, laptops, desktops, and servers feature a solid-state drive (SSD), which uses flash memory to store data, instructions ,and information. Flash memory cards, or flash RAM cards, are removable and reusable storage media that are inserted into a flash memory slot in a digital camera, notebook, smartphone, or other mobile device. A USB flash drive consists of a finger-size module of reusable flash memory that plugs into the USB ports of nearly any microcomputer. Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Smart Card: pocket-size card with integrated circuits. Resembles a credit card but contains a microprocessor and memory chips May function on three levels: credit, debit, and/or personal information Storage capacity: around 10 MBs Contact smart cards Must be swiped through card readers Can wear out from use Contactless smart cards Read when held in front of a low-powered laser 57 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Online Secondary Storage (Cloud Storage) Allows you to use the Internet to back up your data Sign up with a vendor and receive access to software and applications that allow you to upload your data to that company’s server 58 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 4.8 Future Developments in Processing & Storage 59 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Nanotechnology Optical computing DNA computing Quantum computing Better batteries Description of Processing Technology Tiny machines work at a molecular level to make nanocircuits Uses lasers and light, not electricity Uses strands of synthetic DNA to store data Based on quantum mechanics and stores information using particle states Wireless charging of batteries, longer-lasting batteries 60 Using Information Technology, 11e © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Chapter

Introduction to Information Technology:
The Future Now

015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Using Information Technology, 11e

Chapter 1 Topics

UNIT 1A: The Mobile World, Information Technology, & Your Life

1.1 Information Technology & Your Life: The Future Now

1.2 Information Technology Is Pervasive: Cellphones, Email, the Internet, & the E-World

UNIT 1B: The Basics of Information Technology

1.3 The Practical User: How Becoming tech Smart Benefits You

1.4 The “All-Purpose Machine”: The Varieties of Computers

1.5 Understanding Your Computer

1.6 Where Is Information Technology Headed?

Two Parts of IT: Computers & Communications

13
Discussion Question: Can anyone think of a career that does not require computer skills at all?

14
Discussion Question: Can anyone think of an area of life NOT affected by IT?

The Net & Web Defined

Notebooks & netbooks

Tablets

Tower PC
Desktop PC

Case and power supply
Processor chip – the central processing unit (CPU)
Memory chips – random access memory (RAM) or primary storage
Motherboard – the system board, the main circuit board, with expansion slots to plug in components
36

Putting the components together
Panel 1.8
Page 31

miniaturization, faster speeds, and
greater affordability
—and communications are improving connectivity,
interactivity, and support of multimedia.

Chapter

The Internet & the World Wide Web: Exploring Cyberspace

Using Information Technology, 11e

Chapter 2 Topics

UNIT 2A: The Internet & the Web

2.1 Connecting to the Internet: Narrowband, Broadband, & Access Providers

2.2 How Does the Internet Work?

2.3 The World Wide Web

UNIT 2B: The Riches & Risks of Internet Use

2.4 Email & Other Ways of Communicating over the Net

2.5 The Online Gold Mine: Telephony, Multimedia, Webcasting, Blogs, E-Commerce, & Social Networking

2.6 The Intrusive Internet: Snooping, Spamming, Spoofing, Phishing, Pharming, Cookies, & Spyware

3
This is the first image uploaded to the web, in 1992.

To connect to the Internet you need
1. An access device (computer with modem)
2. A means of connection (phone line, cable hookup, or wireless)
3. An Internet access provider

Tim Berners-Lee saw the possibility of using hyperlinks to link any information to any other information over the Internet.
hypertext link

30
Using Your Browser to Get around the Web

Multimedia Search Tools

Telephony: The Internet Telephone
Uses the Internet to make phone calls via VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
Long-distance calls are either very inexpensive or free
With no PC, dial a special phone number to packetize your call for a standard telephone
Use with a PC that has a sound card, microphone, Internet connection with modem & ISP, and internet telephone software such as Skype and Vonage
Also allows videoconferencing
55

XML and RSS have led to blogs and blogosphere.
Blogs (weblogs) are frequently updated sites on the web intended for public consumption that contain a writer’s observations, opinions, images, and links to other websites.
Podcasting: Internet radio or similar Internet audio program delivered via RSS feed to a subscriber to be played back on computer or digital audio device.

60
Discussion Question: Have you every sold anything on eBay? Used PayPal? Did you have any problems? What would you warn people about?

“YOUR NET ID ACCOUNT” Phishing Scam (3/31/2013)
https://wiki.library.ucsb.edu/display/SYSPUB/Latest+Phishing+Attempts
Phishing Examples

1. What does online mean?

Online, in a generic sense, refers to when an electronic device is on and connected to other devices, such as another computer, a network or a device such as a printer.

2. What is the difference between system software and application software?

A: System software is used for operating computer hardware. On other hand Application software is used by user to perform specific task. System software are installed on the computer when operating system is installed. On other hand Application software are installed according to user’s requirements.

3. Briefly define cyberspace.

4. What is the difference between software and hardware?

A: Computer hardware is any physical device used in or with your machine, whereas software is a collection of programming code installed on your computer’s hard drive. In other words, hardware is something you can hold in your hand, whereas software cannot be held in your hand.

5. What is multimedia?

A: Multimedia is the field concerned with the computer-controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images (Video), animation, audio, and any other media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and processed digitally.

6. What is the difference between microcomputers and supercomputers?

A: Microcomputers are general-purpose computers that are mostly used for daily work that performs all logic and arithmetic operations. While supercomputer is used for complex and large mathematical computations. … Microcomputers are small in terms of size. While the size of a supercomputer is very large.

7. What is the function of RAM?

A: Computer random access memory (RAM) is one of the most important components in determining your system’s performance. RAM gives applications a place to store and access data on a short-term basis. It stores the information your computer is actively using so that it can be accessed quickly.

8. What does downloading mean?

A: Downloading means your computer is receiving data from the Internet.

Examples of downloading include opening a web page, receiving email, purchasing music files and watching online videos.

9. What is meant by connectivity?

A: the state or quality of being connected or connective: the benefits of global connectivity. Digital Technology. the ability to link to and communicate with other computer systems, electronic devices, software, or the internet: This laptop has limited connectivity.

10. Describe some ways that information technology can be used to help people find jobs and to help jobs find people.

11. Compare the use of email to the use of the telephone and of conventional letters sent via the postal system. Which kinds of communications are best suited for which medium?

12. What is the basic meaning of cloud computing?

13. Name three methods of data transmission that are faster than a dial-up connection.

14. What is netiquette, and why is it important?

A: Netiquette is important as online communication is non-verbal. You have to follow Internet etiquette because there are other people such as your friends, relatives, elders who are using the Internet for all online communications. Hence it is correct to behave properly and write politely to everyone.

15. Briefly define bandwidth.

16. Many web documents are “linked.” What does that mean?

A: The Semantic Web isn’t just about putting data on the web. It is about making links, so that a person or machine can explore the web of data. With linked data, when you have some of it, you can find other, related, data. Like the web of hypertext, the web of data is constructed with documents on the web.

17. Compare and contrast a cable modem service to a DSL service.

18. Explain the basics of how the Internet works.

A: The Internet is made up of a massive network of specialized computers called routers. Each router’s job is to know how to move packets along from their source to their destination. A packet will have moved through multiple routers during its journey. When a packet moves from one router to the next, it’s called a hop.

19. Briefly explain TCP/IP..

A: TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, which is a set of networking protocols that allows two or more computers to communicate. The Defense Data Network, part of the Department of Defense, developed TCP/IP, and it has been widely adopted as a networking standard.

20. What’s the difference between a dynamic IP address and a static IP address?

A: When a device is assigned a static IP address, the address does not change. Most devices use dynamic IP addresses, which are assigned by the network when they connect and change over time.

21. State your answer to a person who asks you the question, “Who owns the Internet?”

No one owns it, but there are organizations that determine the Internet’s structure and how it works, but they don’t have any ownership over the Internet itself.

22. How does the Internet affect your life?

The most influential and pervasive impact of the Internet on social life is likely through communication patternsIII.

23. Briefly define booting.

The process of loading OS into the computer’s main memory. Turn the computer on.

Diagnostic routines test main memory, CPU, and other hardware.

Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) programs are copied to main memory.

BIOS contains instructions for operating the hardware.

The computer needs those instructions to operate the hardware and find a copy of the OS.

Boot program obtains the OS and loads it into computer’s main memory

24. What is the difference between a command-driven interface and a graphical user interface (GUI)?

The main difference between GUI and CLI is that the Graphical User Interface (GUI) allows the user to interact with the system using graphical elements such as windows, icons, menus while the Command Line Interface (CLI) allows the user to interact with the system using commands.

25. Why can’t you run your computer without system software?

Because the operating software that makes it tick and provides a platform for programs, like your web browser, to run on. Without an operating system, your laptop is just a box of bits that do not know how to communicate with one another

26. Why is multitasking useful?

Data can be copied and pasted, or dragged and dropped, between programs. May increase productivity, because multiple programs can be running at once. Any changes or updates are seen immediately. For example, if a new e-mail is received, you immediately know.

27. What is a device driver?

in computing, a device driver is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details about the hardware being used.

28. What is a utility program?

Utility software is software designed to help to analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer. It is used to support the computer infrastructure – in contrast to application software, which is aimed at directly performing tasks that benefit ordinary users. However, utilities often form part of the application systems. For example, a batch job may run user-written code to update a database and may then include a step that runs a utility to back up the database, or a job may run a utility to compress a disk before copying files.

29. What are the three components of system software? What is the basic function of each?

Application programs, device drivers, and operating systems.

Application software is a type of computer program that performs a specific personal, educational, and business function.

device drivers, the main purpose of device drivers is to provide abstraction by acting as a translator between a hardware device and the applications or operating systems that use it.

An operating system has three main functions: (1) manage the computer’s resources, such as the central processing unit, memory, disk drives, and printers, (2) establish a user interface, and (3) execute and provide services for applications software.

30. What is open-source software?

Open-source software is a type of computer software in which source code is released under a license in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to use, study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose.

31. What are the following types of application software used for?

a. project management software

Project management software helps project managers (PMs) and teams collaborate and meet goals on time while managing resources and cost. Functions may include task distribution, time tracking, budgeting, resource planning, team collaboration, and many more.

b. desktop-publishing software

Desktop publishing software can generate layouts and produce typographic-quality text and images comparable to traditional typography and printing. Desktop publishing is also the main reference for digital typography.

c. database software

Database software is designed to create databases and to store, manage, change, search, and extract the information contained within them. A comprehensive database software program is sometimes called a database management system.

d. spreadsheet software

Spreadsheet software is a software application capable of organizing, storing and analyzing data in tabular form. The application can provide digital simulation of paper accounting worksheets. They can also have multiple interacting sheets with data represented in text, numeric or in graphic form.

e. word processing software

Word processing software is defined as a computer program that lets you type words or text which shows up in a virtual “document” on your computer screen which can, in turn, be printed or sent electronically. Microsoft Word is an example of word processing software.

32. Explain what computer-aided design (CAD) programs do.

Programs intended for 2D and 3D design of products, structures, civil engineering drawings and maps.

33. What is ASCII, and what do the letters stand for?

ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices.

It stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

34. Why should measures of capacity matter to computer users?

Because it notifies how much area is available on the computer memory. Computer storage capacity can rely upon how much disk space can be free in one or more devices.

35. What’s the difference between RAM and ROM?

RAM, which stands for random access memory, and ROM, which stands for read-only memory, are both present in your computer. RAM is volatile memory that temporarily stores the files you are working on. ROM is non-volatile memory that permanently stores instructions for your computer.

36. What is the significance of the term gigahertz?

Abbreviation for gigahertz. One GHz represents 1 billion cycles per second. The speed of microprocessors, called the clock speed, often is measured in gigahertz. … Each computer instruction requires a fixed number of cycles, so the clock speed determines how many instructions per second the microprocessor can execute.

37. What is a motherboard? Name at least four components of a motherboard.

A printed circuit board (PCB) which is located on the posterior of the computer frame is also known as motherboard. It will grant power and connection to the computer hardware components, CPU, and RAM.

38. What are the most convenient forms of backup storage? Why?

Commercial clouds. These services provide a full-time access for your backups, but the connection speed can be compromised by Internet provider settings and circumstances. Despite this fact, clouds are the most convenient and modern way to store data including backups.

39. Why is it important for your computer to be expandable?

Scalable hardware or software can expand to support increasing workloads. This capability allows computer equipment and software programs to grow over time, rather than needing to be replaced.

40. What is nanotechnology?

Tiny machines work at a molecular level to make nano-circuits.

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