Final research paper 460

 For the final paper, all I am looking for is for you to take the draft that you have been building all along and remove the “working” headings and turn all that work into a paper  This should be an easy assignment for you…you are taking the working paper and just “spiffing” it up a little bit, you are not adding content. 

Type

2

Diabetes

2

Type 2 Diabetes

2

Ayaa Mahdi

Developing a Research Question

09/15/2020

Being a chronic illness, type 2 diabetes is characterized by more than normal levels of blood sugar. Usually, it starts always in middle and late adulthood. unfortunately, the number of young adults developing this condition is increasing rapidly. T2DM is thus common as compared to type 1 diabetes and also different. Thus, what are the sex and gender variances of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, in terms of risk, pathophysiology, as well as its complications, and why are many young adults developing this condition?

The rapid increase in the reported cases of type 2 diabetes as well as its associated complications, clinical evidence has indicated that sex and gender differences are a significant influence. Commonly, its diagnosed at a lower age as well as the body index, especially in men. Nevertheless, obesity is the greatest risk influence especially in women. Diversity, such as the culture, environment, biology, and socioeconomic status, influences the impacts differences among men and women in terms of tendency, its development, as well as medical representation. On the other hand, genetic effects, epigenetic complications, nutritional factors as well as a sedentary routine usually affect the risk and complications.

Additionally, sex hormones influence energy metabolism, body inflammatory responses, and vascular functionality. Also, the psychosocial and biological aspects are accountable for the gender and sex variations in the risk and outcome of diabetes with psychosocial stress having a significant impact on women than men. Behavioral and endocrine factors play an essential role when it comes to gender inequalities and outcome effects.

For such research to answer the research question, the best approach that would be employed is the qualitative approach. Qualitative data has the capability of providing a vast and detailed data regarding What sex and Gender variances in terms of risk, pathophysiology, as well as the complications of type of Diabetes. Additionally, qualitative data proved a depth and detailed course of events by digging more in-depth rather than just analyzing the ranks and counts. It involves recording attitudes, the feelings involved, and the behaviors. Also, there is a possibility of giving precise insights regarding the research question in question as it incorporates human experiences. In this case, it will be based on scientific and clinical findings.

References:

Alexandra Kautzky-Willer, Jürgen Harreiter, and Giovanni Pacini. “Sex and Gender Differences in Risk, Pathophysiology, and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.” PubMed Central (PMC), July 2016, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4890267/. Accessed 15 Sept. 2020.

Learn Higher & MMU. “Analyze This!!! – Qualitative Data – Advantages and Disadvantages.” Welcome to the Learn Higher – Learn Higher Home, 2008, archive.learnhigher.ac.uk/analysethis/main/qualitative1.html. Accessed 15 Sept. 2020.

Zheng, Y., Ley, S. H., & Hu, F. B. (2018). Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 14(2), 88.

Running head: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH IN HEALTH AND HUMAN SCIENCES

1

INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH IN HEALTH AND HUMAN SCIENCES 3

 

 
 

                                       

 
 
 
 

Identification of Study Variables

Ayaa Mahdi

HSCI 460

Date: 10/02/2020

 

Study One:

Research question: Is resistance training has an effect on the strength of elbow flexors?

Independent variable: The independent variables are the basis for comparisons. The independent variable in this study is the length of the training program which is eight weeks.

Dependent variable: The dependent variables are the outcome measures. The dependent variable is the measurement of the strength of the elbow flexors measured in pounds.

Level of measurement: Device used for measurement which is a dynamometer.

Controlled variables: The variables controlled include: age (specified an age range), gender, facility where the study will take place, means of determining strength of elbow flexors, length of time of the training which is eight and weeks.

Study Two:

Research question: Which education program is effective in managing caffeine consumption in young adults?

Independent variable: The independent variable in this study is the education programs – which can be one of the three programs.

Dependent variable: The dependent variables are the outcome measures. The dependent variable is the changes the participants made in their coffee drinking habits measured as change or no change.

Level of measurement: Ratio.

Controlled variables: The variables controlled in the study include: age of participants, that is between 18 and 24, gender, the venue of the study, means of determining change in coffee consumption (drinking habits), and length of time of the study which is 6 months.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

2

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Ayaa Mahdi

HSCI 460

Running Head: RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1

10/15/2020

Subject one

Research question: Does the administration of pain medication at time of surgical incision reduce the need for pain medication twenty-four hours after surgery?

An independent variable is a variable that stands alone and is not changed by other variables. The independent variable in this case is the duration taken to administer pain medication of at the moment of surgical incision to reduce the requirement for pain medication.

The dependent variable on the other hand is explained as the outcome measures. In this case, the dependent variable is the process of administration of pain medication at the moment of surgical incision.

The level of measurement is the instrument that is used to administer the pain medication and in this case is usage of surgical tools and syringes.

Controlled variables: The variables controlled include: age (specified an age range), gender, facility where the study will take place, means of determining the place where the surgery will take place in the body parts and the length of duration the surgical incision will take during administration of pain medication.

Subject Two:

1. Research question: What maternal factors are associated with obesity in toddlers?

The independent variables in this case is the obesity in toddlers. On the other hand, the dependent variable is the factors linked to obesity in toddlers since they are habits measured as change or no change.

The level of measurement in this case entailed controlled variables. The controlled variables in this study are age of participants that is between 18 and 25 years, gender, the venue of the study, means of determining maternal factors leading to toddler’s obesity and the period of study which is 5 months.

OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT

3

OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT

Ayaa Mahdi

HSCI 460

OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT 1

11/07/2020

Obesity and Overweight

Introduction

Obesity is considered as one of the upcoming crisis today, though prevention determinations have not been effectively. To huge range, this is because of the challenging task of the reforming the way people eat, live and move. Obesity is a biological and a social challenge and has to be taken as an operation of these structures. Researches has been conducted and supported on a wide extend of sectors connected to extra weight gain, entailing the causes, prevention, effects and cure of obesity and connected situations. Due to surrounding and genetics undertakes an essential role in childhood and obesity operates to increase acknowledging the metabolic and behavioral features engaged in determining body weight control and body structure during childhood. This study will give insight on prevention and cure interventions and set a special focus on minority populations that are at high risk for obesity. Giving an example, as per the research undertaken by African American and Caucasian children and adolescents, it was found that the gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor enhances weight loss. Additional study argues that medication metformin included to a behavioral program significantly enhanced weight loss and lowered insulin resistance is severely obese. There are psychological risks connected to obesity, natural history and clinical pathophysiology of body structure, metabolic signs and diabetes. Obesity has many effects to various groups of people in many ways. It affects children psychologically and also have effect on pregnancy women (Stamatakis, Wardle & Cole,2010). At the same time, obesity can have effect on fertility and thus, this study will explore ways to prevent any issues related to obesity in both young and adult people. Eventually, there will be an insight into the relationship between obesity and various factors that results or causes obesity in children.

References

Devaux, M., & Sassi, F. (2013). Social inequalities in obesity and overweight in 11 OECD countries. The European Journal of Public Health, 23(3), 464-469.

Lim, S. S., Norman, R. J., Davies, M. J., & Moran, L. J. (2013). The effect of obesity on polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews, 14(2), 95-109.

Stamatakis, E., Wardle, J., & Cole, T. J. (2010). Childhood obesity and overweight prevalence trends in England: evidence for growing socioeconomic disparities. International journal of obesity, 34(1), 41-47.

Wang, S. S., Brownell, K. D., & Wadden, T. A. (2004). The influence of the stigma of obesity on overweight individuals. International journal of obesity, 28(10), 1333-1337.

Yang, Y., Shields, G. S., Guo, C., & Liu, Y. (2018). Executive function performance in obesity and overweight individuals: A meta-analysis and review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 84, 225-244.

DEVELOPMENT 1

DEVELOPMENT 4

Development

Ayaa Mahdi

HSCI 460

12/03/2020

Research Question

What are the sex and gender variances of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, in terms of risk, pathophysiology, as well as its complications, and why are many young adults developing this condition?

Introduction

Type two diabetes mellitus is currently a persistent challenge, especially among young adults. Researches have been carried out to try and establish the possible causes of its continuous spread. This study aims at determining how gender and sex could determine the probability of contracting type two diabetes. It also aims at finding out why many young people are developing this disease. The research will be based on how the affected patients’ normal functioning is altered, and the social, financial, and psychological complications it brings about. The research will be aided by scientific researches that have already been carried out.

Citations

Adler, A. I., Stratton, I. M., Neil, H. A. W., Yudkin, J. S., Matthews, D. R., Cull, C. A., … & Holman, R. R. (2000). Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study. BMJ, 321(7258), 412-419.

Alexandra Kautzky-Willer, Jürgen Harreiter, and Giovanni Pacini. “Sex and Gender Differences in Risk, Pathophysiology, and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.” PubMed Central (PMC), July 2016, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4890267/. Accessed 15 Sept. 2020.

Hammond, C. (2005). The wider benefits of adult learning: An illustration of the advantages of multi‐method research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(3), 239-255.

Rhodes, E. T., Prosser, L. A., Hoerger, T. J., Lieu, T., Ludwig, D. S., & Laffel, L. M. (2012). Estimated morbidity and mortality in adolescents and young adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine, 29(4), 453-463.

Sattar, N. (2013). Gender aspects in type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic risk. Best practice & research Clinical endocrinology & metabolism, 27(4), 501-507.

Development

For this study, the samples will be selected randomly from health records of willing participants who have this condition, clinical findings, and scientific studies. For more accurate results, there is a need to use mixed research methods. Combining both qualitative and quantitative research methods will ensure more accurate results. The rates and frequency of occurrence of this condition in young adults are statistical. It also facilitates the need to establish the financial strains that are associated with this disease. Qualitative research will help determine the psychological and pathophysiological complications experienced by the patients. It will also help record the patients’ emotions, and they will be able to express themselves. Besides the articles stated in assignment four, an additional four scholarly articles will be used to research more. The purpose is to come up with results and conclusions that are precise and relevant to this study.

DEVELOPMENT

4

RESEARCH QUESTION

Ayaa Mahdi

HSCI 460

12/01/2020

DEVELOPMENT 1

Research Question

Do early intervention programs prevent smoking among teenagers who live in rural areas within the United States?

Introduction

Smoking cigarette is one of the main cause of premature morbidity and mortality in the US. Many of the smokers engage in the activity during their teenage period as they reveal their adolescence and majority of the teens have effectively engaged themselves on nicotine. Determinations and interventions to support smoking termination among youths is essential. The existing studies of teenage termination intervention realize that behavioral interventions increases the opportunities of teenage smokers attaining effective termination. Recently, there is no enough confirmation for the effectiveness of pharmacological cure with teenage smokers. Various researches have been conceded through problems in employing enough numbers of teens, getting authorization for waivers of parental agreement, and high attrition in longitudinal researches. Main sectors for future operations counts bridging the department development and cure design, matching cure to developmental trajectories of smoking behavior, effective comprehension cure procedures and cure moderators and constructing demand for confirmation based termination cure.

In addition, many of the smokers are the teenage residing in rural areas in the US. Intervention programs have been used in order to save the group from the risks associated with smoking. Intervention program is considered as one of the development that can be used to change the condition faced by teenage smokers. Detectives seeming can take the benefit of the care institution’s patient tracking determination. Much of the surprising that the vast majority of cure outcome paper label little concerning the determination made to retain their cohorts. Thus, it is hard it is hard to end the extent to which high rate of loss to follow-up in youths researched with effective retention strategies.

In this paper we will bases on the intervention programs in teens who smokers are counting in the implication for social work practice in enabling safe health and non-smokers in rural ears in the US. We will also discussion new opinions that could be integrated in termination of smoking in teens including mindfulness and resilience and assessment of commitment to the teens and recognition collectivist culture.

References

Amos, A., Wiltshire, S., Haw, S., & McNeill, A. (2006). Ambivalence and uncertainty: experiences of and attitudes towards addiction and smoking cessation in the mid-to-late teens. Health Education Research, 21(2), 181-191.

Baker, T. B., Brandon, T. H., & Chassin, L. (2004). Motivational influences on cigarette smoking. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 55, 463-491.

Bloom, B., Cohen, R. A., & Freeman, G. (2009). Summary health statistics for US children; National health interview survey, 2007.

Brown, R. A., Ramsey, S. E., Strong, D. R., Myers, M. G., Kahler, C. W., Lejuez, C. W., … & Abrams, D. B. (2003). Effects of motivational interviewing on smoking cessation in adolescents with psychiatric disorders. Tobacco control, 12(suppl 4), iv3-iv10.

Carmody, T. P. (1989). Affect regulation, tobacco addiction, and smoking cessation. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 21(3), 331-342.