essay
You are the administrator of a department or program of a state or local health department. Describe from a food safety perspective: “3 core functions of public health and 10 basic services” and how your health department’s organizational chart applies to your planning area, and Who you will work with outside the health department to implement your plan: other public institutions, academia, trade unions, businesses, faith-based organizations, non-governmental organizations. 750 words / 6 reference
https://www.cdc.gov/cpr/readiness/phep.htm#:~:text=The%20Public%20Health%20Emergency%20Preparedness,health%20departments%20across%20the%20nation.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1073110519857322
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5594396/
Racial Health Disparities
Social Determinants of Health
• Environment: Air, Land, Water, Education, Food, Housing, Jobs, Racism,
Transport, Gender Discrimination, are always interacting, operating together
• Individually and together they are more important than access to health care in
determining our health status
Racial Housing Segregation & Health
How Racism Effects Pregnancy
https://unnaturalcauses.org/video_clips_detail.php?res_id=70
Menominee Nation
https://www.rwjf.org/en/blog/2018/04/creating-a-fair-shot-at-health.html
Racial Disparities in Health
• African Americans have higher death rates than
Whites for 12 of the 15 leading causes of death.
• Blacks and American Indians have higher age-specific
death rates than Whites from birth through the
retirement years.
• Minorities get sick sooner, have more severe illness
and die sooner than Whites
• Hispanics have higher death rates than whites for
diabetes, hypertension, liver cirrhosis & homicide
40
60
80
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2006
L
if
e
E
xp
ec
ta
nc
y
White
Black
Life Expectancy Lags, 1950-2006
Murphy, NVSS 2000; Braveman et al. in Press, NLMS 1988-1998
63.6
70.6
60.8
69.1
74.4
76.1
69.168.2
71.7
64.1
71.4
73.2
78.277.6
SAT Scores by Income
Source: (ETS) Mantsios; N=898,596
Family Income Median Score
More than $100,000 1129
$80,000 to $100,000 1085
$70,000 to $80,000 1064
$60,000 to $70,000 1049
$50,000 to $60,000 1034
$40,000 to $50,000 1016
$30,000 to $40,000 992
$20,000 to $30,000 964
$10,000 to $20,000 920
Less than $10,000 873
Percent of Job Applicants Receiving a Callback
Criminal
Record White Black
No 34% 14%
Yes 17% 5%
Source: Devan Pager; NYT March 20, 2004
Segregation and Housing Quality
Crowding
Sub-standard housing
Noise levels
Environmental hazards (lead, pollutants, allergens)
Ability to regulate temperature
Segregation and Neighborhood Quality
Municipal services (transportation, police, fire, garbage)
Purchasing power of income (poorer quality, higher prices).
Access to Medical Care (primary care, hospitals, pharmacies)
Personal and property crime
Environmental toxins
Abandoned buildings, commercial and industrial facilities
1
2
1
5
Years of Public Health
Emergency
Preparedness
15
ears of Public Health Emergency Preparedness
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-LUNXkFzAWk&ab_channel=CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention%
28
CDC%2
9
Strategic National Stockpile
3
Public Health Emergency Risk Reduction
•
Mitigation
• Adaptation
• Preparedness
• Response
• Recovery
4
What then is disaster risk?
Risk =
[Hazard x Vulnerability] – [Capacity]
doou, flickr
5
Public Health Disaster Planning for Districts
Vulnerability to Pandemics &
Climate Change Disasters
• 95% of disaster deaths occur among
6
6%
of the poorest countries1
• From
19
65-
20
00 > 90% of all disaster
victims lived in Africa, Asia &
Latin America
6
WHO:
An emergency is when normal
procedures are interrupted, and
immediate measures (management)
need to be taken to prevent it from
becoming a disaster, which is even
harder to recover from
7
Public Health Disaster Planning for Districts 9
An evolution in approach
• From Response and
Relief
• To Risk Reduction
Sanofi Pasteur, flickr
Church Mission Society (CMS), flickr
9
Risk Reduction=Prevention
Recognition or identification of risks[1]
Ranking or evaluation of risks[2]
Responding to significant risks
Tolerating
Treating
Transferring
Terminating
Resourcing controls and planning
Reaction planning
Reporting and monitoring risk performance
Reviewing the risk management framework
10
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_management
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_management
Communities, Workers, Students
• Positive Asset Based Where People Are
• Collective, Cooperative Risk Assessment
• Prepare Resources with Communities,
Workers, Students & their organizations
• Reduce/Eliminate the causative
agents/environment
• Reduce Transmission
• PPE
• Testing
• Complete Access to Treatment
11
Exposure/Hazards:
Chemicals in Air, Food, Land, Water, Workplace
Biological Pathogens
Emotional Exposures
Exposure Sources
Exposure Routes
Exposure Protection
12
Emergency Action Plan
Communication: In-Person, Phone, IT
Hazard Monitoring/Surveillance
Hazard Control
Training
Mobilize
First Aid
Evacuation
Safe Areas
13
Mitigation
Eliminate or reduce the impacts and risks of
hazards through proactive measures taken
before an emergency or disaster occurs
14
Preparedness
Focuses on preparing/organizing people,
equipment and procedures for use when
a disaster occurs. The equipment and
procedures can be used to reduce
vulnerability to disaster, to mitigate the
impacts of a disaster, or to respond more
efficiently in an emergency.
15
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency
Local Emergency Planning Committees
(LEPCs) are required by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency under
the Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know Act to develop an emergency
response plan, review the plan at least
annually, and provide information about
chemicals in the community to local residents
16
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right-to-Know_Act
17
•Identification of facilities and transportation routes of
extremely hazardous substances
•Description of emergency response procedures, on
and off site
•Designation of a community coordinator and facility
emergency coordinator(s) to implement the plan
•Outline of emergency notification procedures
•Description of how to determine the probable affected
area and population by releases
18
•Description of local emergency equipment and
facilities and the persons responsible for them
•Outline of evacuation plans
•A training program for emergency responders
(including schedules)
•Methods and schedules for exercising emergency
response plans
What is Disaster Risk Reduction?
• The conceptual framework of elements with
possibilities to minimize:
– Hazards
– Vulnerabilities
– and therefore disaster risks to:
• Avoid (prevent) or
• Limit (mitigate and prepare for)
the adverse impacts of hazards within the broad
context of sustainable development
19
Risk Reduction versus
Risk Management
• Risk Management
– Prevention
– Mitigation
– Preparedness
– Response
– Recovery
• Risk Reduction
– Prevention
– Mitigation
– Preparedness
Risk Reduction is:
•Pre-disaster
•Pre-emptive
•Part of development
20
The Risk Reduction Cycle
Hazard
Analysis
Risk Reduction:
•Hazard mitigation
•Vulnerability reduction
Sustainable
development
Source unknown
21
Approach to risk reduction
Source unknown
22
What is Preparedness?
• Pre-disaster actions that result
in persons knowing what to do
and how to respond when
disaster has occurs
– It is long-term
– Part of a larger risk reduction
program
– Comprehensive application of
sustainable development
– All-hazard
– Multi-sectoral
– Culturally sensitive and specific
VC4Africa, flickr
23
Public Health Disaster Planning for Districts
Objectives of Public Health
Emergency Preparedness
• Prevent morbidity and mortality
• Provide care for casualties
• Manage adverse climatic and environment
conditions
• Ensure restoration of normal health
• Re-establish health services
• Protect staff
• Protect public health and medicinal assets
24
Keim’s
11 E’s of Emergency Preparedness (Mark Keim, CDC)
• Economic incentive
• Epidemiology
• Enforcement of codes
• Emergency plans
• Equipment stockpiling
• Education
• Exercise and drills
• Early warning
• Evacuation
• Evaluation
• Electronics (communication)
tj.blackwell, flickr 25
Risk management
• What is risk?
– The probability of suffering damage (to life,
property, economic disruptions and environment)
from a hazard for a given area and reference
period. Risk is the product of hazard and
vulnerability
26
Disaster Risk management
• Definition: It is defined as the process of
identifying, analyzing and quantifying the
probability of losses in order to undertake
preventive or corrective actions
• This involves two types of activities ;
– Planning actions to reduce vulnerability in areas
where risk can be controlled, and
– Establishing protective mechanisms against the
potential economic losses from uncontrollable
factors of natural hazards
27
Risk Management
• It entails efforts and measures put in place to
reduce risk in case of a disaster happening
• This is what is generally termed as disaster risk
reduction
• It is also about commitments related to
disaster and vulnerability reduction and
improved early warning
28
Risk management continues
• Since little can be done to prevent occurrence of
most natural hazards, actions and activities
should focus on reducing existing and future
vulnerabilities to damage and loss
• There are three primary and interrelated
categories in risk management:
• risk identification
• risk reduction
• risk transfer
• These measures are mostly related to pre-
disaster phases of disaster risk management and
reflect the new approach in DRR
29
Risk Mgt Cont…
• The pre-disaster phase of disaster risk management involves
four distinct but interrelated components.
• Risk identification,
• risk reduction/mitigation,
• risk transfer and
• preparedness.
It is a thorough analysis of existing vulnerabilities, location,
severity & intensity of threat
30
Risk identification
• The following activities help to identify and
understand natural hazard risk:
– Hazard data collection and mapping (frequency, magnitude
and location) ,
– vulnerability assessment (population and assets exposed),
– risk assessment (probability of expected losses)
31
Risk reduction or
Prevention/Mitigation:
• These are measures taken to eliminate or reduce the intensity
of a hazardous event.
• These measures address existing vulnerabilities through
measures like early warning
• Include actions such as:
• Implementation and enforcement of building standards
• Environmental protection measures
• Resource management practices
• Mention others?
• can be taken to reduce future vulnerability
32
Even with risk reduction,
preparedness is important
• Even when effective disaster reduction
measures are in place, there would often be
an element of risk that is residual or cannot
be managed because it is either too costly or
technically unfeasible to eliminate
• Preparedness is an important component of
DRR which deals with residual and
unmanaged risk
33
The Hyogo frame work on risk
Reduction
• The Hyogo Framework for Action, assists the
efforts of nations and communities to become
more resilient to and cope better with the
hazards they face.
• Although the primary responsibility for its
implementation rests with governments,
collaboration and cooperation between all
stakeholders in managing the risk is crucial
34
Hyogo frame work: Recommended
Actions
The Hyogo Framework for Action, commits governments as
well as regional, International and NGOs to;
• Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and local
priority
• Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance
early warning;
• Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture
of safety and resilience at all levels
• Reduce the underlying risk factors, and
• Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at
all levels ( Community, Sub county, District, Regional and
national levels
35