essay
For this project, select an organization that has leveraged Cloud Computing technologies in an attempt to improve profitability or to give them a competitive advantage. Research the organization to understand the challenges that they faced and how they intended to use Cloud Computing to overcome their challenges. Once you have chosen an organization, this will be the organization you use throughout the remainder of the course. This paper should be written in third-person. The third-person point of view belongs to the person (or people) being talked about. The third-person pronouns include he, him, his, himself, she, her, hers, herself, it, its, itself, they, them, their, theirs, and themselves (Not I, we, us, our).
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Guided Imagery and Progressive Muscle Relaxation in Group Psychotherapy
Hannah K. Greenbaum
George Washington University
PSYC 3170: Clinical Psychology
Dr. Tia M. Benedetto
October 1, 201
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Guided Imagery and Progressive Muscle Relaxation in Group Psychotherapy
A majority of Americans experience stress in their daily lives (American Psychological
Association, 2017). Thus, an important goal of psychological research is to evaluate techniques
that promote stress reduction and relaxation. Two techniques that have been associated with
reduced stress and increased relaxation in psychotherapy contexts are guided imagery and
progressive muscle relaxation (McGuigan & Lehrer, 2007). Guided imagery aids individuals in
connecting their internal and external experiences, allowing them, for example, to feel calmer
externally because they practice thinking about calming imagery. Progressive muscle relaxation
involves diaphragmatic breathing and the tensing and releasing of 16 major muscle groups;
together these behaviors lead individuals to a more relaxed state (Jacobson, 1938; Trakhtenberg,
2008). Guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation are both cognitive behavioral
techniques (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005) in which individuals focus on the relationship among
thoughts, emotions, and behaviors (White, 2000).
Group psychotherapy effectively promotes positive treatment outcomes in patients in a
cost-effective way. Its efficacy is in part attributable to variables unique to the group experience
of therapy as compared with individual psychotherapy (Bottomley, 1996; Yalom & Leszcz,
2005). That is, the group format helps participants feel accepted and better understand their
common struggles; at the same time, interactions with group members provide social support and
models of positive behavior (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005). Thus, it is useful to examine how stress
reduction and relaxation can be enhanced in a group context.
The purpose of this literature review is to examine the research base on guided imagery
and progressive muscle relaxation in group psychotherapy contexts. I provide overviews of both
guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation, including theoretical foundations and
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historical context. Then I examine guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation as used on
their own as well as in combination as part of group psychotherapy (see Baider et al., 1994, for
more). Throughout the review, I highlight themes in the research. Finally, I end by pointing out
limitations in the existing literature and exploring potential directions for future research.
Guided Imagery
Features of Guided Imagery
Guided imagery involves a person visualizing a mental image and engaging each sense
(e.g., sight, smell, touch) in the process. Guided imagery was first examined in a psychological
context in the 1960s, when the behavior theorist Joseph Wolpe helped pioneer the use of
relaxation techniques such as aversive imagery, exposure, and imaginal flooding in behavior
therapy (Achterberg, 1985; Utay & Miller, 2006). Patients learn to relax their bodies in the
presence of stimuli that previously distressed them, to the point where further exposure to the
stimuli no longer provokes a negative response (Achterberg, 1985).
Contemporary research supports the efficacy of guided imagery interventions for treating
medical, psychiatric, and psychological disorders (Utay & Miller, 2006). Guided imagery is
typically used to pursue treatment goals such as improved relaxation, sports achievement, and
pain reduction. Guided imagery techniques are often paired with breathing techniques and other
forms of relaxation, such as mindfulness (see Freebird Meditations, 2012). The evidence is
sufficient to call guided imagery an effective, evidence-based treatment for a variety of stress-
related psychological concerns (Utay & Miller, 2006).
Guided Imagery in Group Psychotherapy
Guided imagery exercises improve treatment outcomes and prognosis in group
psychotherapy contexts (Skovholt & Thoen, 1987). Lange (1982) underscored two such benefits
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by showing (a) the role of the group psychotherapy leader in facilitating reflection on the guided
imagery experience, including difficulties and stuck points, and (b) the benefits achieved by
social comparison of guided imagery experiences between group members. Teaching techniques
and reflecting on the group process are unique components of guided imagery received in a
group context (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005).
Empirical research focused on guided imagery interventions supports the efficacy of the
technique with a variety of populations within hospital settings, with positive outcomes for
individuals diagnosed with depression, anxiety, and eating disorders (Utay & Miller, 2006).
Guided imagery and relaxation techniques have even been found to “reduce distress and allow
the immune system to function more effectively” (Trakhtenberg, 2008, p. 850). For example,
Holden-Lund (1988) examined effects of a guided imagery intervention on surgical stress and
wound healing in a group of 24 patients. Patients listened to guided imagery recordings and
reported reduced state anxiety, lower cortisol levels following surgery, and less irritation in
wound healing compared with a control group. Holden-Lund concluded that the guided imagery
recordings contributed to improved surgical recovery. It would be interesting to see how the
results might differ if guided imagery was practiced continually in a group context.
Guided imagery has also been shown to reduce stress, length of hospital stay, and
symptoms related to medical and psychological conditions (Scherwitz et al., 2005). For example,
Ball et al. (2003) conducted guided imagery in a group psychotherapy format with 11 children
(ages 5–18) experiencing recurrent abdominal pain. Children in the treatment group (n = 5)
participated in four weekly group psychotherapy sessions where guided imagery techniques were
implemented. Data collected via pain diaries and parent and child psychological surveys showed
that patients reported a 67% decrease in pain. Despite a small sample size, which contributed to
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low statistical power, the researchers concluded that guided imagery in a group psychotherapy
format was effective in reducing pediatric recurrent abdominal pain.
However, in the majority of guided imagery studies, researchers have not evaluated the
technique in the context of traditional group psychotherapy. Rather, in these studies participants
usually met once in a group to learn guided imagery and then practiced guided imagery
individually on their own (see Menzies et al., 2014, for more). Thus, it is unknown whether
guided imagery would have different effects if implemented on an ongoing basis in group
psychotherapy.
Progressive Muscle Relaxation
Features of Progressive Muscle Relaxation
Progressive muscle relaxation involves diaphragmatic or deep breathing and the tensing
and releasing of muscles in the body (Jacobson, 1938). Edmund Jacobson developed progressive
muscle relaxation in 1929 (as cited in Peterson et al., 2011) and directed participants to practice
progressive muscle relaxation several times a week for a year. After examining progressive
muscle relaxation as an intervention for stress or anxiety, Joseph Wolpe (1960; as cited in
Peterson et al., 2011) theorized that relaxation was a promising treatment. In 1973, Bernstein and
Borkovec created a manual for helping professionals to teach their clients progressive muscle
relaxation, thereby bringing progressive muscle relaxation into the fold of interventions used in
cognitive behavior therapy. In its current state, progressive muscle relaxation is often paired with
relaxation training and described within a relaxation framework (see Freebird Meditations, 2012,
for more).
Research on the use of progressive muscle relaxation for stress reduction has
demonstrated the efficacy of the method (McGuigan & Lehrer, 2007). As clients learn how to
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tense and release different muscle groups, the physical relaxation achieved then influences
psychological processes (McCallie et al., 2006). For example, progressive muscle relaxation can
help alleviate tension headaches, insomnia, pain, and irritable bowel syndrome. This research
demonstrates that relaxing the body can also help relax the mind and lead to physical benefits.
Conclusion
Limitations of Existing Research
Research on the use of guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation to achieve
stress reduction and relaxation is compelling but has significant limitations. Psychotherapy
groups that implement guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation are typically
homogeneous, time limited, and brief (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005). Relaxation training in group
psychotherapy typically includes only one or two group meetings focused on these techniques
(Yalom & Leszcz, 2005); thereafter, participants are usually expected to practice the techniques
by themselves (see Menzies et al., 2014). Future research should address how these relaxation
techniques can assist people in diverse groups and how the impact of relaxation techniques may
be amplified if treatments are delivered in the group setting over time.
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