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on time urgent

Indigenous Historical Emotions – from Philadelphia’s Constitutional Hall to Wounded Knee, Bloody Island and Back to the Future

Race, History and Emotions (Theme Panel)

ASA Annual Meeting Philadelphia 2018

James V. Fenelon,

Center for Indigenous Peoples Studies

California State University-San Bernardino

Tohono O’Odham, Pascua Yaqui – (Hohokam) – Nation, Tribe, Community (transition to commentary and Identity)
Commentary – Turtle Island, (U.S.) re-naming identities and nationalities
Presenter – James Fenelon, D chaje Mdewakanton Dakota, Lakota from S.R. – Ate waya kin Inyan B/Posdata Okashpe ed iyowaja chanke mija hed iyomawaja

Lenni Lenape
traditional lands languages and territories
(Delawares) Philadelphia PA ASA 2018

Lenape, as Delaware People, were/are:
1. Recognized as a NATION in our country’s first treaty
2. Seen as “Indians” a RACE of uncivilized savages
3. Removed, not recognized in HISTORY of the U.S.
4. Feel their Dispossession, erasure, as EMOTION

Penn Treaty
Penn’s Treaty [with the Indians], oil on canvas painting by Edward Hicks, 1830-35, Philadelphia Museum of Art

the TAKEN LAND – INDIAN SAVAGES
this land , was Taken – physically – politically – violently – philosophically – by the European “Founding Fathers” in a Declaration of Independence, calling Natives “Merciless Indian Savages”

Wampanoag Homelands – thanksgiving & “savages” New England genocide war
Cant Conquest

U.S. and Lenape (Delaware) Treaty of 1778
The Treaty of Fort Pitt — also known as the Treaty With the Delawares, the Delaware Treaty, or the Fourth Treaty of Pittsburgh — was signed on September 17, 1778 and was the first written treaty between the new United States of America and any American Indians—the Lenape (Delaware Indians) in this case. Although many informal treaties were held with Native Americans during the American Revolution years of 1775–1783, this was the only one that resulted in a formal document.

Treaty Imagery, Wampum Belts

Constitutional References to Indians
the Constitution states that “Congress shall have the power to regulate Commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes“
Native Americans were thereby Not citizens, rather Aliens on our Own Lands, with Indian Nations as foreign (usually Hostile) countries, presented as Tribes
Northwest Ordnance – Native Nations referred to as “Indians Not Taxed”

Westward expansion – denying Indian Nations
1789: The Northwest Ordinance guarantees tribal land rights
Northwest Ordinance of 1787, (first organized territory of the United States) directs that “the utmost good faith shall always be observed towards Indians; their land and property shall never be taken from them without their consent.”

Elimination and Extirpation – 1776 to 1787
Native Nations are Not within the existing colonies at the time of the United States formation from 1776 to 1787, but rather of the wars of resistance by Native Nations during the colonial expansion over the constantly shifting westward frontier, undergoing conquest and colonization, generally to the level of “extirpation” or total elimination.

Manifest Destiny genocides
Genocidal destruction of native confederacies and Indian Nations – Haudenosaunee destroyed by Washington’s General Sullivan attacks Onondonga (Five Nations peacekeepers)
Five civilized tribes (Cherokee Nation) legal, military genocidal Indian Removal from lands, used for cotton and textile production that is central toward movement from mercantile to financial and industrial capitalism

Native Nations well aware of US massacres
1810, Tecumseh reminded future President William Henry Harrison,
“You recall the time when the Jesus Indians of the Delawares lived near the Americans, and had confidence in their promises of friendship, and thought they were secure, yet the Americans murdered all the men, women, and children, even as they prayed to Jesus?
(Lenape Christians living in Ohio, militia men killed)

North America split into 3 regions – Louisiana Purchase
– buying peoples on lands unknown

Buying and selling – Lands and Peoples
Can you sell nations of people you have never met, over lands you have never travelled on, in a continental region of unknown geographical proportions?
France and Napoleon did.
Can you buy nations you have never met, over lands you have not walked on, in regions you don’t know?
United States and Thomas Jefferson did.

Lakota Indian Country mid-19th century Dakota territory

Conquest & Treaty-making Policies
Attempts at Conquest and Multi-Tribal Compacts (1800-1866)
1803 & 1804 – “The Louisiana Purchase” (Lewis and Clark Expedition)
1825 – Atkinson-O’Fallon mission (3 treaties w/ Yellowstone Expedition)
1830 – Indian Removal Act (esp Cherokee, Creek, etc.)
1851 – (first) Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 (with other Indian Nations)
Treaty-Making
(1866-1871);
1865 – Sioux Treaty of 1865 invalidated (misrepresented to Congress)
1868 – Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 (with the: “Sioux Nation of Indians”)
1871 – Act of March 3, 1871 (ending treaty-making with Indian Nations)

Sand Creek and Wounded Knee – genocidal events – policy acts
Mass burial of Lakota at Wounded Knee 1890 – resistance of Indian tribes nations ends

DAPL, Big Oil, States, Corporations

Standing Rock NODAPL suppression on ACE lands and waters – making, river attacks, rubber bullets, selected violent arrests

State suppression of Dissent groups replicated on the Rock– Miner’s Canary?

State Militarized response to Native resistance and Indigenous revitalization

Standing Rock NODAPL suppression on ACE lands and waters – making, river attacks, rubber bullets, selected violent arrests

September 3, 2016, protesters come face to face to with pipeline
industry security dogs. 6 protesters were treated for dog bite injuries. (photo: Getty Images)
November 2016 water protectors were hit by water cannons and hand grenades at night, later by hosing mace in the river
of Turtle Island.

Mother Earth, Water is Life
– mahpiyato, thunderbeings from the Sky above us all (reverence and spirituality)
– unci’ ina maka, grandmother Earth, my mother (the sacred source of life)
– mni wiconi water flowing for the people’s health (the essence of all life)
– Kola Leci-ya (wanbli g’leska wapiya wicasa) Tunkashila grandfather(s) ancestors

Oahe Dam and the Taken Land

Lakota “Sioux” reserves after : 1877 Black Hills takings 1889 borders

C
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Coercive Assimilation (1883-1934).
1881 – Individual Agencies “ban” spiritual practices (the Sundance)
1883 – Indian Offenses (1882) enacted by Indian Affairs Commission
1885 – Major Crimes Act (related to Crow Dog exparte 1882/3)
1887 – Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act of 1887)
1890 – transfer (again) of responsibility to the Secretary of War

Ghost Dance Shirts – Particular to Lakota
1889 – 1890 (Dec.)
Ghost Dance “Shirts” are probably similar to the “shirt-wearer” functions of traditional society, in establishing some level of authority for certain practices, including conducting ceremonies or spirituality.
The Dominant society, and U.S. forces, claimed they were in opposition to Christian and civilized practices, and further claimed that the wearers were saying it made them “bulletproof.”
However, more likely would be claims that these shirts afforded protection against the corrupting influences of “wasichu” society, including that white settlers could shoot Lakota with impunity.

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Revelations as Revitalization in Ceremony and Dance
“But the heart of the revelations was that the earth was to be regenerated and returned to the Indians, including all the dead of the past who would come back in all the beauty and strength of their youth… The Indians were given a special ceremonial dance, which required five successive nights to complete; the more often they performed the dance, the more they would hasten the coming of the millennial future.”

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(The) Indian Messiah… promised that if the dance was properly carried on … the old world would be destroyed. The new world would be ushered in with a great earthquake, followed by a flood, which would wash all of the old away and destroy all unbelievers. The new world would be covered with green grass and herds of deer, elk, antelope, and buffalo, and the Indians would live in a paradise, untroubled by disease, wars, or famine.

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Government responds with military action.
Sitting Bull is killed at his home on the Grand River on Standing Rock,
And as people flee these killings, they go to the protection of relatives on Cheyenne River, where US troops refuse to negotiate, so they travel to protection of Ghost Dancers on Pine Ridge but are intercepted by US military forces who take them to Wounded Knee creek, disarm them, and then open fire, killing over 300 children, women and men.

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The 1890 Ghost Dance dies at Wounded Knee
This cemetery memorial on Pine Ridge reminds the people of those who died and the symbolic struggle of the Ghost Dance in 1890, bridging Christian and Lakota philosophies and spirituality.
Although the Ghost Dance ended after the Wounded Knee killings, the Sun Dance and other ceremonial forms of Lakota spirituality was kept secret and alive, surviving into the 2oth century when it would help to revitalize the people.

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Prevaricate national policies to deny
Indian removal as policy extended to defend and rationalize soldier laws – “protecting citizens” “prevent raiding” and “miners broke treaties” operating out of “greed” – allow historians to see as “tragic” or “mis-guided” (but not genocide)…

Colonization and Conquest – Governance
Mission System
Military violence
TRIPARTITE INVASION OF CALIFORNIA
Presidio gov’t

Genocide by Law & Deed in California

1850 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians
facilitated removing California Indians from their traditional lands, separating at least a generation of children and adults from their families, languages, and cultures (1850 to 1865).
provided for “apprenticing” or indenturing Indian children and adults to Whites, and also punished “vagrant” Indians by “hiring” them out to the highest bidder at a public auction if the Indian could not provide sufficient bond or bail.

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In 1850 and 1851, the California Legislature enacted laws concerning crimes and punishments that prohibited Indians, or black or mulatto persons, from giving “evidence in favor of, or against, any white person.”
The 1850 statute defined an Indian as having one-half Indian blood. The 1851 statute defined an Indian as “having one fourth or more of Indian blood.”

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Redskins and Racism at CSU

Tolowa villagers were conducting their ten days of winter solstice renewal, as being vulnerable to an easy attack, and came upon the dancing, singing, praying women and children, with weapons of assault killing the men, the families, and even the babies thrown into a massive fire where the evidence of their crime burned up – more than 400 people in communal prayer – afterwards taking body parts – scalps, heads, other booty – to reclaim a bounty paid by California law upon proof of the kill, monies used to put down on the very lands of the Tolowa who they so mercilessly murdered, in a federal scheme of homesteading and title acquisition.

California as a Genocidal State
“Murder State” depicts “California’s Native American Genocide, 1846-1873”
Evidenced-based history Typologizing a State government, and it’s formative democracy, being simple Genocide

“That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the races, until the Indian race becomes extinct, must be expected. While we cannot anticipate this result but with painful regret, the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power or wisdom of man to avert.”
Governor Peter H. Burnett, January 7, 1851

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Yontocket Cemetery honor the 400 Tolowa killed

Survivance – generational grief, historical trauma
Tolowa, like a Nation, were killed as Indians, a Race, for their lands and lives to build this state and country, with this History, erased, denied, of California Indian survivance, leading to Emotions of survivors of the Holocaust, Boarding Schools (Dennis Banks)

Race as an Indian Policy, in a History that denies and erases the stories of Indigenous Peoples, leaving Native survivors in Emotions including an intergenerational grief, an historical trauma – Albert White Hat video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8L3MLFtjm5g

Emotions of Racial Genocide in his People’s History

Native Nations revitalizing in social Movement

Calling on the Spirits – Lifting Silenced Voices to end Genocide

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