Discussion Responses

Reposes and book attached (in own words only)

300 words per response !!

Response 1

What are the steps in the overall data collection process of qualitative research?

Researchers must select a site or individual to study. The site or individuals selected will vary depending on the type of study. Narratives, for example, will have one or more individuals. Participants in a phenomenological study must have had the same shared experience.

 

Researchers must gain access to the site and develop a rapport with the people involved. A human subjects review board must grant access. Participants must give consent. Researchers must connect with those who can provide access to the site and the data. Gatekeepers can help facilitate connections with marginalized groups. Researchers must purposely develop a participant sample. Sampling considerations include whom to select as participants, the specific sampling strategy, and the size of the sample to be studied. Researchers must collect data using one of four primary forms: a) interviews (ranging from one-on-one, in-person interactions, to the group, web-based interactions), b) observations (ranging from non-participant to participant), c) documents (ranging from private to public), and d) audiovisual materials (ranging from photographs to participant-created artifacts). Researchers should develop and use a protocol to record information collected during an interview or observation to organize thoughts and take concise, consistent, and relevant notes.  Researchers must minimize field issues including a) entry and organizational access, b) procedures for observations, c) dynamics between interviewer and interviewee, d) availability of documents and audiovisual materials, and e) data storage and security. In all steps and throughout research, researchers must attend to ethical considerations.

 What are the key ethical considerations when collecting data?

 There are three primary principles for ethical research: 1) respect for persons, 2) concern for welfare, and 3) justice. Researchers must protect anonymity by assigning numbers or aliases, explain to participants the purpose of the study, be aware of the information shared off the record that may harm individuals if reported and be familiar with the context and respectful of marginalized populations.

 What are typical access and rapport issues?

 Researchers must seek permission from an ethical review board. They must also seek consent for participants.  They should connect with individuals who can gain access to the research site and facilitate the collection of data and use a gatekeeper to help connect with marginalized groups

 What issues should you expect in your own research? Explain why.

The purpose of our study is to assess the experiences of households with remote work for adults and distance education for children occurring concurrently to assess shortcomings and make recommendations for improvement. Key research questions are: how well are people in the remote work and distance learning environment managing work productivity, how well are they providing supervision and care to children, and how does the remote work /distance learning environment influence the emotional health of household members? Will will need to collect participants from the network of people that we know, as a random collection or solicitation of volunteers will be difficult under COVID-19 conditions. Selecting familiar participants has risk of bias. We anticipate issues with access resulting from COVID-19. Our research would be more effective in a natural setting. First-hand and in-person observation would not be worth the risk of COVID-19 transmission and would be irresponsible. The use of teleconferencing applications vs face-to-face communications could influence results. There could be regional influences of our sample population that make our results less universal.  We will need to develop a rapport with our subjects by demonstrating the value of our research. Research involving children bears particular attention to ethics. Researchers could witness abusive situations and feel compelled to act. Through our study of qualitative research in this class, I have gained an appreciation of written informed consent. This will be an important consideration in our research as well.

 

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications. 72-4.

Response #2

What are the steps in the overall data collection process of qualitative research?

According to Creswell & Proth (2018), the qualitative research should be collected by maintaining ethical considerations throughout the process. The steps in ethically obtaining the data is listed as follows: Locating of site or/and individual, Gaining access and developing rapport, Sampling purposefully, Collecting data, Recording information, Minimizing field issues, and Storing data securely (Creswell & Poth, 2018). Although these activities are listed, the researchers can begin at any given point.

What are the key ethical considerations when collecting data?

Our textbook authors explain that an ethical study means that researchers take into consideration all possible ethical issues that could arise during any portion of the study. There are numerous examples of possible ethical considerations for researchers to consider. From the type of questions to the respect of privacy, each study will have to take responsibility for all ethical considerations. In addition, a participant can change their mind at any point during the research and that is a situation researcher must be respectful to consider.

What are typical access and rapport issues?

Typical issues with access could range from location to participants. If security or special access is required to reach participants there could be issues. Sometime participants could be in homes or hospitals or schools where researchers would find access issues. These issues can happen at any point and are harder to anticipate. Rapport issues are easier to address and should be carefully thought out by all researchers. In a blog by Max Koh (2017), rapport issues are addressed, and she suggests the following points:

· Be accommodating.  Remember to explain that you are not testing your participant. Small talk gets the story and information out.

· Keep an eye on your body language. Always remember to keep your body language open.

· Avoid barriers between yourself and your participant.

· Dress appropriately and for the participant. If it is a corporate interview dress up and if it is a family dress more comfortable.

· Show interest in your participant. Showing some interesting in what your participant has to say can go a long way in making them feel comfortable and valued.

What issues should you expect for your own research? Explain why? 

Possible issues with researching adult learners would be confidentiality of those participants who may not be willing to let people know they are attending college. In my line of work, I have met and spoken to several adults who are embarrassed to discuss college and returning to school. There is also the issue of time and access to participants. Many of these adults are fulltime employees and have families so taking time out of their day to answer questions is not always easily accomplished.

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five
      approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.

Koh, M. (2020, March 8). How to build rapport in a user interview. https://blog.optimalworkshop.com/how-
      to-build-rapport-in-a-user-interview/.

Chapter 7

Data Collection

Questions for Discussion
• What are the steps in the overall data collection process of

qualitative research?
• What are the key ethical considerations when collecting data?
• How does a researcher find people or places to study?
• What are typical access and rapport issues?
• What decisions influence the selection of a purposeful

sampling strategy?
• What type of information typically is collected?
• How is information recorded?
• What are common issues in collecting data?
• How is information typically stored?
• How are the five approaches both similar and different during

data collection?

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Data Collection Activities

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Data Collection by Approach (1)

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Data Collection by Approach (2)

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Data Collection: Site or Individual
• Narrative

– Find 1+ individuals
– Facet of relationships

• Phenomenology & grounded theory
– Need not be single site

• Ethnography
– Need single site

• Case study
– Single or multiple sites

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Ethical Considerations
• Protect anonymity by assigning numbers

or aliases
• Explain to participants the purpose of the

study
• Be aware of information shared off the

record that may harm individuals if
reported

• Become familiar with the context and
respectful of marginalized populations

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Institutional Review Boards

Submit a proposal

Most qual studies expedited

Minors or high risk: full review

Qual description may require quan language

Argue: qual interviews give participants control

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The Site or Individual
Narrative
• Individuals who are accessible, willing to talk
• Inform participants of researcher motivation
• Individuals can shed light on the issue

Phenomenology
• Individuals must have experienced phenomenon
• Can articulate their lived experiences

Grounded Theory
• Participants participated in the process or action the

researcher is studying
• May be dispersed to provide contextual information

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The Site or Individual (continued)

Ethnography
• Single site
• Intact culture-sharing group has developed shared

values, beliefs, and assumptions

Case study
• Select a site or sites to study
• May be programs, events, processes, activities,

individuals, or several individuals
• Collective case study is acceptable

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The Site or Individual (continued)
• Study in your own organization or place of

work raises issues of power and risk to
researcher, participants, and site

• Data collection may introduce power
imbalance between researcher and
participants

• Can be political and jeopardize jobs
• When necessary, include multiple validation

strategies

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The Consent Form Elements
• Right of participants to voluntarily withdraw from

the study at any time
• Central purpose of the study and the procedures

to be used in data collection
• Protection of the confidentiality of the respondents
• Known risks associated with participation
• Expected benefits to accrue to the participants
• Signature of the participant as well as the

researcher

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Purposeful Sampling Strategy

• Qualitative researcher use a purposeful
sampling approach.

• Major decisions in purposeful sampling
– Whom to select as participation or sites
– The specific type of sampling strategy
– The size of the sample to study

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Typology of Sampling Strategies (1)

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Typology of Sampling Strategies (2)

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Forms of Data Collection
• Observations

– Field notes
– Participant to non-participant

• Interviews
– Closed to open-ended
– Focus groups

• Documents
– Private to public
– Journals, letters, (auto)biographies, and records

• Audiovisual materials
– Photos, videos, website, sounds, text messages, and

objects

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Innovative Data Collection
• Online data collection

– Virtual focus groups, web-based interviews
– E-mail or text-based chat
– Internet message boards and social media
– Consider ethics: consent forms

• Arts-based research methods
• Visual ethnography
• Photo elicitation

– Photovoice: participants take pictures

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Procedures for Interviewing

Decide transcription logistics
Use good interview procedures

Obtain consent
Locate distraction-free place
Refine through pilot testing

Design & use an interview protocol
Use adequate recording procedures

Distinguish type of interview
Identify interviewees

Determine open-ended research questions

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Types of Observation

• Complete participant
– Helps establish rapport

• Participant as observer
– Participant role more salient

– Recording data may distract researcher

• Nonparticipant/observer as participant
– Researcher as outsider

• Complete observer
– Researcher neither seen nor noticed

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Steps for Observation

Prepare thick and rich notes immediately

Withdraw slowly

Have someone introduce you to build rapport

Record description and interpretation

Design and use an observational protocol

Distinguish type of observation base on observer role

Identify who or what to observe

Select site

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Recording Procedures
• Interview protocol

– Use a header
– Place space between questions
– Memorize questions & order
– Write closing comments

• Observational protocol
– Header
– Descriptive notes
– Reflective notes

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Field Issues (1)
• Entry and organizational access

– Convincing individuals to participate
– Building trust & credibility
– Researcher’s ‘stance’

• Procedures for observations
– Role of inquirer & when to switch
– Taking field notes, recording quotes
– Funneling broad to narrow picture

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Field Issues (2)
• Dynamics between interviewer and interviewee

– Phrasing of questions
– Equipment; transcribing
– Interviewer-interviewee relationship

• Power dynamics
• Interviewees’ ability to articulate

• Documents and audiovisual materials
– Locating materials & obtaining permission
– Journaling

• What instructions
• Appropriateness re writing skills
• Reading handwriting

– Recording: room sounds, camera location
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Data Storage and Handling

Back up collected information

Use high quality recording equipment

Develop master list of information

types

Protect anonymity by masking names

Develop data collection matrix

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Five Approaches Compared
• Types of data collection

– Case and narrative studies: multiple forms
– Grounded theory and phenomenology: primarily interviews
– Ethnography: participant observation and interviews

• Unit of analysis
– Narrative, phenomenology, grounded theory: individuals
– Case study: group of individuals
– Ethnography: cultural systems

• Field issues
– Ethnographers have written extensively, varies widely across all

approaches
• Intrusiveness

– Phenomenology and grounded theory: less intrusive
– Narrative, ethnography, and & case study: more intrusive

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