Discussion #68

choose a nursing theory and research an article that includes a nursing theory and its utilization in nursing practice or nursing research. Write a two paragraph summary of the article highlighting the application of the selected nursing theory to nursing practice and reaserach 

Article should be current, peer reviewed and within a five year span.

-Use APA format for your references and citations

submit trough turn it in 

We are getting deeper into the fall semester to remind you of the services the Library & Learning Resource Center has to offer. They provide instructional sessions, which include APA formatting, Ask-an-MRU Librarian chat feature, and research instruction. These sessions can be personalized to your needs. Please feel free to contact  Sherry Cortes either at scortes@mru.edu, 912-433-6200, Katia Nunez at knunez@mru.edu, 305-442-9223, ext. 6018 and 6045, and the general library at library@mru.edu. They will provide assistance for upcoming assignments that require APA and literature research 

C.M PATEL COLLEGE OF
NURSING

GANDHINAGAR

SUBJECT:ADVANCE
NURSING PRACTICE

Martha Roger’s theory

Presented by:
Ankita.M. Patel
First year M.sc

Nursing

C.M.P College of Nursing

Introduction of theorist

• Born :May 12, 1914, Dallas, Texas, USA
• Diploma : Knoxville General Hospital School of Nursing(1936)
• Graduation in Public Health Nursing : George Peabody

College, 1937
• MA :Teachers college, Columbia university, New York, 1945
• MPH :Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1952
• Doctorate in nursing :Johns Hopkins University,

Baltimore, 1954
• Position: Professor at Division of Nursing,

New York University and Consultant, Speaker
• Died : March 13 , 1994

Publications of Martha Rogers

• Theoretical basis of nursing (Rogers 1970)

• Nursing science and art :a prospective (Rogers
1988)

• Nursing :science of unitary, irreducible, human
beings (Rogers 1990)

• Vision of space based nursing (Rogers 1990)

Introduction of theory

• The belief of the coexistence of the human

and the environment has greatly influenced

the process of change toward better health.

• In short, a patient can’t be separated from his

or her environment when addressing health

and treatment.

• This view lead and opened Martha E. Rogers‘

theory, known as the “Science of Unitary

Human Beings,” which allowed nursing to be

considered one of the scientific disciplines

• Rogers repeatedly stated that she did not

create a “theory” but rather an abstract

system, a science, from which many theories

may be derived.

http://nurseslabs.com/martha-e-rogers/

cont…
• The science of unitary human beings

comprises of five assumption, four major
concepts and three major principles

• Major concepts are : Energy field,
openness, pattern, and pan
dimensionality

• Major principles include resonancy ,
helicy and integrity. It is also known as
homeodynamic principles.

Assumptions
• Human being is considered as united

wholewholeness

• A person and his environment are
continuously exchanging energy with
each other

openness

• The life process of human being
evolves irreversibly and unidirectional
i.e from birth to death

Unidirectionality

• Pattern identifies individuals and
reflects their innovative wholeness.

Pattern and
organization

• Humans are the only organisms able
to think, imagine, have language and
emotions

Sentence and
thought

Major
Concepts

Energy field

Openness

Pattern

Pan-
dimensionality

Energy field

• It is inevitable part of life. Human and
environment both have energy field which is
open i.e. energy can freely flow between
human and environment

Openness

• There is no boundary or barrier that can
inhibit the flow of energy between human and
environment which leads to the continuous
movement or matter of energy.

Pattern

• Pattern is defined as the distinguishing
characteristic of an energy field perceived as a
single waves

• “pattern is an abstraction and it gives identity
to the field”

Pan dimensionality

• Pan dimensionality is defined as “non linear
domain without spatial or temporal
attributes”

• Human being are pan dimensional being and
have more than three dimension.

Homeodynamic principles

• Homeodynamics refers to the balance
between the dynamic life process and
environment.

• These principles help to view human as
unitary human being.

• Three principle of homeodynamics
– Resonancy

– Helicy

– integrality

1. Resonancy

• Wave patterns are continuously changing in
environmental and human energy fields.

2. Helicy

• The nature of change is unpredictable,
continuous, and an innovative.

3. Integrality

• Energy fields of humans and environment are
in a continuous mutual process.

Roger’s theory and nursing
metaparadigm

Person

Environment

Health

Nursing

1. Unitary Human Being (person)

• A unitary human being is open systems which
continuously interact with environment. A
person cannot be viewed as parts, it should be
considered as a whole.

2. Environment

• It includes the entire energy field other than a
person.

• These energy fields are irreducible, not limited
by space and time, identified by its pattern
and organization.

3. Health
• Not clearly defined by Rogers. It is determined by

the interaction between energy fields i.e. human
and environments.

• Bad interaction or misplacing of energy leads to
illness.

4. Nursing
• Nursing exists to serve people.
• Nursing is both science and art.
• It is the direct and overriding responsibility to the

society

Application of Roger’s theory in
nursing

Clinical
Practice

Nursing
education

Research

Clinical practice
• Nursing action is always focused on unitary

human being and change the energy field
between human and environment.

• Nursing action include all non-invasive actions
such as guided imaginary, humor, therapeutic
touch, music etc. which are used to increase the
potential of human field.

• The more importance should be on the
management of pain, supportive therapy and
rehabilitation.

• Example in nursing care plan:
• Ritu 22 years old female was admitted in

psychiatric hospital with severe depression
secondary to diagnosis of ovarian malignancy.
She became tearfull while history taking. Ritu was
accompanied by her husband and 1 year old
child. Her husband appear anxious but
supportive. Ritu was diagnosed with ovarian
cancer 2 month ago and underwent surgery for
same. From past three week ritu started sitting
alone, decreased activity of daily living, repeated
crying spells, decreased talk, decreased sleep,
neglecting her child care, and also attempted
suicide.

Nursing education

• Emphasis should be given on the
understanding of the patient and self, energy
field and environment.

• Example :

Training should lay more focus on teaching
non-invasive modalities such as therapeutic
touch, meditation, humor, regular in service
education programme etc.

Research

• Rogerian theory has been used in many research

works and has always found testable and

applicable in research.

• Example:-

A study to assess the effectiveness of music

therapy on stress reduction among

postmenopausal women residing in Hudco

Colony, Coimbatore

• A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Yoga

Therapy in Reducing Stress among Primary

Care Givers of Psychiatric Patients.

Strengths

• Rogers’ concepts provide a worldview from
which nurses may derive theories and
hypotheses and propose relationships specific
to different situations.

• Rogers’ theory is not directly testable due to
lack of concrete hypotheses, but it is testable
in principle.

Weaknesses

• Overall this theory is considered as very complex
concept and quite difficult to understand.

• Rogers’ model does not define particular hypotheses or
theories for it is an abstract, unified, and highly derived
framework.

• Testing the concepts’ validity is questionable because
its concepts are not directly measurable.

• The theory was believed to be profound, and was too
ambitious because the concepts are extremely
abstract.

• Rogers claimed that nursing exists to serve people;
however, nurses’ roles were not clearly defined.

Summary and Conclusion

• The Science of Unitary Human Beings is highly
generalizable as the concepts and ideas are not
confined with a specific nursing approach unlike the
usual way of other nurse theorists in defining the
major concepts of a theory.

• Rogers gave much emphasis on how a nurse should
view the patient. She developed principles which
emphasizes that a nurse should view the client as a
whole.

• Her statements, in general, made us believe that a
person and his or her environment are integral to each
other. That is, a patient can’t be separated from his or
her environment when addressing health and
treatment.

• Bibliography:
1. Basavanthappa BT : “ NURSING THEORIES” ; 1ST Edition 2007 ; Jaypee

brother publication ; New delhi. Page no : 273-285

2. Navdeep kaur brar, “ ADVANCE NURSING PRACTICE”; 1st edition,
2015; jaypee brother publications, new delhi; p.p-615 – 623.

3. Potter and perry : “ FUNDAMENTAL OF NURSING”; 7TH edition;
Elsevier publication, Nodia. Page no: 66-68.

4. Samta soni, “ TEXTBOOK OF ADVANCED NURSING PRACTICE”; 1st

edition, 2013; Jaypee publications, new delhi.p.p – 277-285

5. Taylor carol : “ FUNDAMENTAL OF NURSING” ; 5TH edition RP 2006 ;
published by wolters kluwer health pvt Ltd , New delhi. Page no:
77- 81.

• Websites :

– https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_E._Rogers

– nurseslabs.com/martha-e-rogers-theory-unitary-
human-beings

– www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and…/roger-
theory-of-unitary-human-beings.php

– nursingtheories.weebly.com/martha-rogers.html

– nsq.sagepub.com/content/1/2/50.refs

– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAUyDMIhjyg

– martharogerstheory.blogspot.com/2012/03/mart
ha-e-rogers-science-of-unitary.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_E._Rogers

http://www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and…/roger-theory-of-unitary-human-beings.php

LEVINE’S THEORY

PRESENTED BY : PRAMOD KUMAR

INTRODUCTION
• Myra Estrin Levine (1920-1996) was born in

Chicago, Illinois.

—Levine developed an interest in nursing

because her father (who had gastrointestinal

problems) was frequently ill and required

nursing care on many occasions.

INTRODUCTION contd……

—Levine graduated from the Cook County School of

Nursing in 1944 and obtained her BS in nursing

from the University of Chicagoin1949.

—Following graduation, Levine worked as a private

duty nurse, as a civilian nurse for the US Army, as

a surgical nursing supervisor, and in nursing

administration

INTRODUCTION contd……

—After earning an MS in nursing at

Wayne State University in 1962

—She authored 77 published articles

which included “An Introduction to Clinical

Nursing” with multiple publication years on

1969, 1973 & 1989.

—She also received an honorary

doctorate from Loyola University in 1992.

She died on 1996.

• Levine told others that she did not set out

to develop a “nursing theory” but had

wanted to find a way to teach the major

concepts in medical-surgical nursing and

attempt to teach associate degree

students a new approach for daily nursing

activities. Levine also wished to move

away from nursing education practices

that were strongly procedurally oriented

and refocus on active problem solving

and individualized patient care (George,

2002).

COMPOSITION OF CONSERVATION
MODEL :

• Levine’s Conservation Model is focused in

promoting adaptation and maintaining wholeness

using the principles of conservation. The model

guides the nurse to focus on the influences and

responses at the organismic level. The nurse

accomplishes the goals of the model through the

conservation of energy, structure, and personal and

social integrity .

ADAPTATION WHOLENESS CONSERVATION

ADAPTATION
• Adaptation is the process of change,

and conservation is the outcome of

adaptation. Adaptation is the process

whereby the patient maintains integrity

within the realities of the environment.

WHOLENESS

• Levine stated that “the unceasing interaction

of the individual organism with its

environment does represent an ‘open and

fluid’ system, and a condition of health,

wholeness, exists when the interaction or

constant adaptations to the environment,

permit ease—the assurance of integrity…in

all the dimensions of life.”

CONSERVATION
• the product of adaptation. Conservation is from the

Latin word conservatio, meaning “to keep together” .

“Conservation describes the way complex systems are

able to continue to function even when severely

challenged.”Through conservation, individuals are

able to confront obstacles, adapt accordingly, and

maintain their uniqueness. “The goal of conservation

is health and the strength to confront disability” as “…

the rules of conservation and integrity hold” in all

situation in which nursing is requires”.

The primary focus of conservation is keeping

together of the wholeness of the individual.

Although nursing interventions may deal with

one particualr conservation principle, nurses

must also recognize the influence of other

conservation principles (Levine, 1990).

META PARADIGM

PERSON
The person is a holistic being who constantly strives

to preserve wholeness and integrity and one “who

is sentient, thinking, future-oriented, and past-

aware.” The wholeness (integrity) of the individual

demands that the “individual life has meaning only

in the context of social life” The person is also

described as a unique individual in unity and

integrity, feeling, believing, thinking and whole

system of system.

ENVIRONMENT
• The environment completes the wholeness of the

individual. The individual has both an internal and

external environment.

INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT

HOMEOSTASIS HOMEORRHESIS

EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT

PERCEPTUAL

OPERATIONAL

CONCEPTUAL

HEALTH

Levine (1991) clarified what she meant by health as: “…

the avenue of return to the daily activities

compromised by ill health. It is not only the insult or

the injury that is repaired but the person himself or

herself… It is not merely the healing of an afflicted

part. It is rather a return to self hood, where the

encroachment of the disability can be set aside

entirely, and the individual is free to pursue once more

his or her own interests without constraint.”

• disease is “unregulated and

undisciplined change and must be

stopped or death will ensue”.

NURSING
Nursing involves engaging in

“human interactions” “The

nurse enters into a

partnership of human

experience where sharing

moments in time—some

trivial, some dramatic—leaves

its mark forever on each

patient”. The goal of nursing

is to promote adaptation and

maintain wholeness (health).

PERSON AND ENVIRONMENT:

• person and the environment become

congruent over time. It is the fit of the

person with his or her predicament of

time and space. The specific adaptive

responses make conservation possible

occur on many levels; molecular,

physiologic, emotional, psychologic, and

social.

RESPONSES BASED ON THREE
FACTORS:

CONSERVATION MODEL

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY:

• Refers to balancing energy input and output to

avoid excessive fatigue. It includes adequate rest,

nutrition and exercise.

• Examples: Availability of adequate rest;

Maintenance of adequate nutrition

CONSERVATION OF STRUCTURAL
INTEGRITY:
• Refers to maintaining or restoring the structure of

body preventing physical breakdown and promoting

healing.

Examples: Assist patient in ROM exercise;

Maintenance of patient’s personal hygiene

CONSERVATION OF PERSONAL INTEGRITY

• Recognizes the individual as one

who strives for recognition,

respect, self awareness,

selfhood and self determination.

Example: Recognize and protect

patient’s space needs

ASSUMPTIONS
a. The nurse creates an environment in which

healing could occur

b. A human being is more than the sum of the

part

c. Human being respond in a predictable way

d. Human being are unique in their responses

e. Human being know and appraise objects

,condition and situation

CONSERVATION OF SOCIAL INTEGRITY:

• An individual is recognized

as some one who resides

with in a family,: a

community, a religious group,

an ethnic group, a political

system and a nation.

Example: Help the individual

to preserve his or her place

in a family, community, and

society.

ASSUMPTIONS contd………

f. Human being sense ,reflects, reason and understand

g. Human being action are self determined even when

emotional

h. Human being are capable of prolonging reflection

through such strategists raising question

i.Human being make decision through prioritizing

course of action

j. Human being must be aware and able to

contemplate objects, condition and situation

ASSUMPTIONS contd………

k. Human being are agents who act deliberately to attain

goal

l. Adaptive changes involve the whole individual

m. A human being has unity in his response to the

environment

n. Every person possesses a unique adaptive ability

based on one’s life experience which creates a unique

message

o. There is an order and continuity to life change is not

random

ASSUMPTIONS contd………

p. A human being respond organismically in an

ever changing manner

q. A theory of nursing must recognized the

importance of detail of care for a single patient

with in an empiric framework that successfully

describe the requirement of the all patient

r. A human being is a social animal

ASSUMPTIONS contd………

s. A human being is an constant interaction

with an ever changing society

t. Change is inevitable in life. Nursing needs

existing and emerging demands of self care

and dependant carev. Nursing is associated

with condition of regulation of exercise or

development of capabilities of providing care.