Diploma Management Individual Assignment
Assessment guide will be attached to it, 8 references would be good and I will add in another 2 references from my school database by myself.
the structure, sample and example will be provided.
Thank you
2.0 Political Environment
2.1 Government Stability
Ask the following questions for relevancy for every component you analyse.
a. Is the information relevant to Winegold?
b. If yes, then is it positive or negative?
c. If no, then redo your research i.e. your information is irrelevant Irrelevant information is usually descriptive .
2.2 Government Relations
2.3 Analysis
3.0 Legal Environment
3.1 Business Laws
3.2 Labour Laws
3.3 Analysis
4.0 Economic Environment
4.1 Currency Exchange Rate
4.2 Economic trends/forecast
4.3 Analysis
6.0 Technological Environment
6.1 Technological Infrastructure
6.2 Communication Networks
6.3 Analysis
5.0 Socio-cultural Environment
2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1 Components of political, legal, economic, technological environments
2.2, 3.2, 4.2, 6.2 Components of political, legal, economic, technological environments
2.3, 3.3, 4.3, 6.3 Analysis Opportunity “O” or Threat “T”
Sweden political environment
Sweden legal environment
Etc.
Analysing the components of that environment
Research/search: key words
2.0 Political environment
Sweden government stability (2.1) +
Sweden government relations with Australia (2.2) +
Analysis (2.3) O
1,500 word 1,350 < x < 1,650 50% - 750 words
3.0 Legal Environment
Sweden Business Laws (3.1) +
Sweden Labour Laws Australia (3.2) +
Analysis (3.3) O
4.0 Economic Environment
Sweden currency exchange rate Australia (4.1) + Swedish krona
Sweden economic trends/forecasts (4.2) –
Find a third component to analyse
Sweden inflation rate –
Analysis (4.4) T
6.0 Technological Environment
Sweden technological infrastructure (6.1) +
Sweden communication networks (6.2) +
Analysis (6.3) O
2.3, 3.3, 4.3, 6.3 Opportunity (O) or Threat (T)
Socio-cultural environment O
4Os 1T – Yes or
3Os 2Ts – Yes or
2Os 3Ts – No or
4Ts 1O – No
SWOT – Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
Conclusion
Yes – yes, invest
No – no, don’t invest
Wait – yes invest, but not now, maybe 2 years later when Covid situation is over & when economy becomes better
Relevant information
Any information that’ll lead you to a conclusion or recommendation (yes, no or wait)
Research: Capture INFORMATION & SOURCE (IS)
Recommendations
Assuming the following are the outcome of your PESTL analysis & SWOT analysis:
S (5) – enhance
W (3) – minimise
O (4) – exploit
T (1) – reduce
Above as examples:
(number): number of SWOT e.g. number of strengths is 5 i.e. S (5), weaknesses is 3 i.e. W (3), etc.
Recommendations
Since the proposal or recommendation is for Winegold to invest in Swedenin 2 years’ time, it is recommended that the organisation takes the following actions to prepare itself for investing in the country (this paragraph (yellow) is applicable only if the proposal is yes, invest in Sweden at the Conclusion section. The words in blue has been included for the entire paragraph (blue + yellow) only if the proposal is “Wait” at the Conclusion section)
Should Winegold Pty Ltd decides to invest in Sweden at some future date, it can adopt the following recommendations to make inroads into the Swedish market (this paragraph (green) is applicable only if the proposal is no, do not invest in Swede at the Conclusion section)
· Invest in more advertisings & promotions of its high quality products & services in Sweden
· Improve its plans of supply chain processes to make them more efficient so as to reach out to customers more effectively
· Take advantage of the good working relationship between Sweden & Australia by requesting for more favourable or preferential tax rates on its exports
· Conduct cross-cultural training for both Australian managers/workers, as well as Swedish managers/workers so as to enable them to understand each other better.
Note:
The above examples are for illustration only. Please use your own words to phrase or rephrase as far as possible the recommendations you are going to provide.
Assessment– Individual Business Report
Report Structure
Title Page
This page gives:
· the title of the report
· the author’s name and ID number
· the course name and number, the department, and university
· the date of submission.
You can use the official Curtin College cover sheet which can be downloaded from the Student Portal
[Forms & Info/Forms and Documents/ Assignments]
Executive Summary
The executive summary provides a brief overview of the substance of the report; usually no more than half a page. It is not an introduction to the topic. The summary should outline all the key features of your report, including the topic, what you did and how you did it, and the main outcomes of your work. A busy manager who might not have time to read the full report should be able to get the gist of the whole report by reading the summary.
The summary:
· states the topic of the report
· outlines your approach to the task if applicable
· gives the most important findings of your research or investigation, or the key aspects of your design
· states the main outcomes or conclusions.
Table of Contents
The contents page sets out the sections and subsections of the report and their corresponding page numbers. It should clearly show the structural relationship between the sections and subsections. A reader looking for specific information should be able to locate the appropriate section easily from the table of contents. The conventions for section and page numbering are as follows:
|
1.0 |
Title of first main section (usually Introduction) |
|
|
1.1 |
First subheading |
|
|
1.2 |
Second subheading |
|
|
2.0 |
Title of second main section |
|
|
2.1 |
||
|
2.2 |
||
|
2.2.1 |
First division in the second subheading |
|
|
2.2.2 |
Second division in the second subheading |
|
|
3.0 |
Title of third main section |
1.0
Introduction
(Title of first main section)
The introduction provides the background information needed for the rest of your report to be understood. It is usually half to three-quarters of a page in length. The purpose of the introduction is to set the context for your report, provide sufficient background information for the reader to be able to follow the information presented, and inform the reader about how that information will be presented.
A report introduction should include:
· A brief background of the firm (name of company, what their business is)
· The aim of the firm (what are they hoping to do)
· Purpose and scope of report
· The proposed expansion strategy into the country cited in the unit outline
· Resources required: raw material, technology, skills
· a clear statement of the purpose and aim of the report (why are you writing this report)
· Brief outline of the structure of the report (the structure of the discussion that your report will cover)
2.0
Political Environment
(Title of first main section)
2.1
Government stability (First subheading)
In order to report on an environment, you need to choose relevant INDICATORS that will show you how stable or unstable a government is. For example, the frequency of government change, the frequency of public disorder due to poor governing, the occurrence of wars are INDICATORS that will allow you to conclude how stable the government is. Discussion has to be in-text referenced (and entered into Reference List) as the information presented is researched from external sources.
For example:
The XYZ government has been stable for a decade (In-text reference). The current political party has been in power over the last decade and is a result of regular democratic elections (In-text reference). This demonstrates that the government is stable and therefore presents a safe place for business operations.
2.2
Government relations (Second subheading)
INDICATORS
include government relations with other countries, friendliness towards foreign investment, and government’s contribution in promoting stability.
Discussion has to be in-text referenced (and entered into Reference List) as the information presented is researched from external sources.
For example:
The XYZ government has friendly and open relations with neighbouring countries (in-text reference). XYZ is a member of ASEAN, maintains trading relationships globally and has a positive political relationship with home country (in-text reference). These positive political relationships demonstrate the government’s commitment towards foreign trade.
2.3
Analysis (Third subheading)
The analysis section is where you present your thoughts on whether the information presented in 2.1 and 2.2 are opportunities or threats. Discussion is not in-text referenced because they are your thoughts.
For example: The stable government and friendly political relationship presents an opportunity for ABC Company because it offers a suitable business environment for conducting operations.
3.0
Legal Environment
(Title of first main section)
3.1
Business laws (First subheading)
INDICATORS
: level of corruption, reliability of business legislations, foreign direct investment laws, similarity to home country laws.
3.2
Labour laws (Second subheading) –.
INDICATORS
: degree of similarity with home country laws: age, working hours, working conditions
3.3
Analysis (Third subheading)
Do the business and labour laws present themselves as opportunities or threats? What impact does this have on the company/business environment?
4.0
Economic Environment
(Title of first main section)
4.1
Currency exchange rate ($) (First subheading)
INDICATORS:
Conversion rate, stability of currency
4.2
Economic trends/forecasts (Second subheading)
INDICATORS:
economic boom, economic recession, predicted economic performance, GDP growth rate, unemployment rate, changes in inflation rate
4.3
Analysis (Third subheading)
Do the currency exchange rate and the economic forecast present themselves as opportunities or threats? What impact does this have on the company/business environment?
5.0
Socio-cultural Environment
(Title of first main section)
5.1
Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
– (First subheading)
(Do not include theory, only application. This discussion can be presented in a tabular format or paragraph format)
https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries/
TABULAR FORMAT:
| Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions |
Home Country |
Host Country |
Implications |
|
Collectivism Vs Individualism |
|||
|
Power Distance |
|||
|
Uncertainty avoidance |
|||
|
Time orientation |
|||
|
Quality Vs Quantity of life |
OR
PARAGRAPH FORMAT:
INDICATORS
:
5.1.1
Collectivism Vs Individualism (First division in the second subheading)
5.1.2
Power Distance (Second division in the second subheading)
5.1.3
Uncertainty avoidance (Third division in the second subheading)
5.1.4
Time orientation (Fourth division in the second subheading)
5.1.5
Quality Vs Quantity of life OR Femininity vs Masculinity (Fifth division in the second subheading)
5.2
Analysis (Second subheading)
How similar/dissimilar are the cultures? How does this similarity/dissimilarity impact on the managerial functions? Does this present an opportunity or a threat? Why?
6.0
Technological Environment
(Title of first main section)
6.1
Technological infrastructure (First subheading)
INDICATORS:
Degree of sophistication in the infrastructure and technology
6.2
Communication networks (Second subheading)
INDICATORS:
Reliability of the communication networks (internet/phone)
6.4
Analysis (Third subheading)
How will the degree of sophistication in the technological infrastructure and reliability of the communication networks impact the company? Do they present an opportunity or a threat?
7.0
SWOT Analysis
(Title of first main section)
|
Strengths |
ABC company has: |
|
Weaknesses |
ABC company has: |
|
Opportunities |
This is an example XYZ Country: Economic environment · Favourable currency exchange rate will offer cheaper labour costs Technological environment · Communication networks are advanced · Infrastructure is reliable · In the process of advancing the technological environment Legal environment · Conducive legislation and laws that encourage foreign investments |
|
Threats |
This is an example
XYZ Country: Political environment · Unstable government · High level of corruption and poor security Sociocultural environment · High degree of difference between the XYZ and home country cultures |
8.0
Conclusion
(Title of first main section)
1. With a logical recommendation on whether the organisation should go ahead with the expansion- why, when, how.
2. Generally, if the Strengths and Opportunities outweigh the Threats and Weaknesses, the expansion should proceed.
9.0
Recommendations
(Title of first main section)
Provide an ‘action plan’ based on the findings discussed, by suggestions on how to
1. Overcome problems (Weakness and Threats analysis)
2. Use the company’s Strengths and how the company could exploit the Opportunities presented in the SWOT.
a) List them in the same order as the information provided in the report
b) Should be a numbered or bullet pointed list
c) Begin each recommendation with an instructive verb
d) Place the recommendations on a new page
e) Only require three to four recommendations
9.0
References
(Title of first main section)
Minimum of 6 references (Less than 6 references will receive an instant FAIL) and minimum two references from Curtin Database
Referencing style as per the study guide
WIKIPEDIA online encyclopaedia not allowed
TIP:
1. The PESTL analysis must be RELEVANT to your discussion. You must demonstrate the link between the information you have provided and your organisation. DO NOT INCLUDE ANY INFORMATION YOU CANNOT SHOW RELEVANCE TO.
2. THE Opportunities and Threats can be derived from the PESTL analysis as these are external factors
3. Do not use 1st person stance
4. All sections except the title page, table of contents, executive summary and reference list are included in the 1,500 word count.
5. You are allowed a leeway of 10% with the word count (over by 10% > 1650 words or under by 10% > 1350 words). Students will be penalised 10% of their overall mark for not complying with the word restrictions.
Individual Business
Report
FUNM 1100
Student Name:
Student ID:
Class:
Lecturer’s Name:
2
Executive Summary
The objective of this report is to explore the viability of Puawei Pty Ltd of extending
their operations to
Canada
. The results of the report indicate that opportunities exist
in political, economic, socio-cultural, technological and legal environment while the
economic and technological environment presents as threats. According to the
findings, the opportunities outweigh the threats. Therefore, it is recommended that
Puawei Pty Ltd expand to Canada by outsourcing from other Canadian company as
the company has no
experience in expanding overseas.
3
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 4
2.0 Political Environment 5
2.1 Government Stability
2.2 Government Relations
2.3 Analysis
3.0 Legal Environment 7
3.1 Business Laws
3.2 Labour Laws
3.3 Analysis
4.0 Economic Environment 9
4.1 Current Exchange Rate
4.2 Economic Trends / Forecasts
4.3 Analysis
5.0 Socio-cultural Environment 12
5.1 Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
5.2 Analysis
6.0 Technological Environment 14
6.1 Technological Infrastructure
6.2 Communication Networks
6.3 Analysis
7.0 SWOT Analysis 17
8.0 Conclusion 18
9.0 Recommendations 19
References 20
4
1.0 Introduction
An Australian-owned electronics manufacturer company named Puawei Ptd Ltd is
considering to expand their business operations into Canada. Resources required for
manufacturing are divided into three categories – raw materials, technology and
skills. The objective of the report is to investigate the political, legal, economic, socio-
cultural and technological environments (PESTL) of Canada. This report covers the
strengths and weaknesses of the company, opportunities and threats of expanding
business into Canada and recommendations on expansion. The suggested
expansion strategy is outsourcing form Canadian supplier as the company has no
experience in expanding overseas.
5
2.0 Political Environment
2.1 Government stability
Canada is a politically stable country which is governed by a parliamentary system
which spans 4 years per election (Ferris and Olmstead 2017). Canada is ranked the
84th percent for Political Stability and Absence of Violence and Terrorism and also
97th percent for Government Effectiveness as stated by The Worldwide Governance
Indicators (WGI) project (Edunova 2019).
Figure 1: Political risk index of Canada
Source: Figure reproduced from The Global Economy (2019).
Based on the graph above, he political risk index of Canada has been increasing
over the last few years but drops slightly in 2017. This could be due to the influx of
refugees that they have accepted into their country. Overall, Canada is still a safe
and stable place for businesses to hold their operations at.
2.2 Government relations
The Australian and Canadian governments have a very good trade relationship with
one another and both countries are members of the Comprehensive and Progressive
Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (Austrade 2019). Canada is also a member
https://search-proquest-com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/docview/1879494603/718D073B810D43CAPQ/6?accountid=10382
https://studynovascotia.ca/canadian-economy-political-stability/
6
of the Group of Seven (G7) which has Free Trade Agreements with huge nations
such as US and Mexico which indicates their friendliness toward foreign investments
(Edunova 2019).
The positive political relations may facilitate the company with regards to obtaining
resources for their manufacturing plant.
2.3 Analysis
Political stability in Canada and the positive government relations with other large
countries exhibit as an opportunity for Puawei Pty Ltd as these conditions point to a
suitable environment for conducting operations.
7
3.0 Legal Environment
3.1 Business laws
Figure 2: Canada Corruption Rank
Source: Figure reproduced from Trading Economics (2019).
The ease of doing business in Canada has dropped throughout the years with
Canada ranking in the 22nd worldwide (Trading Economics 2019). On the brighter side,
Canada has an extremely low level of corruption, ranking 9th in a least corrupt nation
study (Trading Economics 2019).
Both Australian and the Canadian legal systems are based on the English common
law which makes it easy for Australian businesses to adapt to since both countries
have similar laws. The only exception in Canada is the State of Quebec which based
their laws on the French Civil Code (Bullock, 2016).
The high similarity of legal systems for both countries makes it convenient to conduct
business in Canada.
3.2 Labour laws
Labour laws in both countries are slightly different, with the maximum number of
working hours for a week being 48 hours in Canada (Government of Canada 2017) and
38 hours in Australia (Fair Work 2019). However, both countries have relatively high
minimum wages – ranging from $11.00 to $15.00 depending on the province in
Canada (RCC 2019), which is comparable to the $18.93 of Australia (Fair Work 2019).
Both countries signed an agreement also known as ‘’the 1957 agreement’’ to avoid
double taxation and use similar systems like dividend imputation to do so (IBFB
2008).
https://tradingeconomics.com/canada/corruption-rank
https://www.fairwork.gov.au/how-we-will-help/templates-and-guides/fact-sheets/minimum-workplace-entitlements/minimum-wages
8
3.3 Analysis
The legal environment poses as an opportunity since both countries have similar
laws, it makes it convenient for Puawei Pty Ltd to do business in Canada as they do
not have to adapt too much, making it easier to conduct business in Canada.
9
4.0 Economic Environment
4.1 Currency exchange rate ($)
Figure 3: AUD to CAD Chart
Source: Figure reproduced from XE (2019).
As of 31th March, the currency conversion rate of 1 AUD equals to 0.95 CAD (XE
2019). Based on the graph above, the currency rate for both countries can be
considered stable. Currency stability is very important because it will affect the
financial status of companies.
10
Figure 4: USD to CAD Chart
Source: Figure reproduced from XE (2019).
The exchange rate for 1 USD is 1.34CAD (XE 2019). According to the graph above,
the highest and lowest points of the graph fluctuate within 0.4. Thus, indicates that
Canada’s currency is stable even when pitted against the strong US dollar.
4.2 Economic forecasts
Table 1: Canada Economic Forecasts
Overview Actual Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 2020
GDP Growth Rate (%) 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.6
Unemployment Rate (%) 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 6.3 6.7
Inflation Rate (%) 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.2
Source: Table reproduced from Trading Economics (2019).
Canada has a low GDP growth rate which indicates that the economic situation of Canada is
weak. Increasing unemployment rate may be great for the company as the new operation
needs labor. The inflation rate will then affect the purchasing power of the Canadian dollar
(Trading Economics 2019). These negative indicators indicate that Canada’s economy
is experiencing recession.
https://tradingeconomics.com/canada/forecast
11
4.3 Analysis
Overall, even though the currency exchange rates are stable, the indicators in the
economic forecasts shows negative impacts on business. Thus, the economic
environment can be concluded as a threat to future business operations.
12
5.0 Socio-cultural Environment
5.1 Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
Figure 5: Hoftstede’s Dimension Comparison
Source: Figure reproduced from Hofstede Insights (2019).
Hofstede’s Cultural
Dimensions
Australia Canada Implications
Collectivism vs
Individualism
Individualism Individualism Canadians answer only
to themselves and have
a high sense of self-
reliance.
Power Distance Low PD Low PD Canadians are less
formal with regards to
workplace hierarchy and
communicate openly
Uncertainty Avoidance Moderate
uncertainty
avoidance
Moderate
uncertainty
avoidance
Canadians embrace the
unknown and are willing
to try something different
Time Orientation
Short time
orientation
Short time
orientation
Canadians focus on
instant gratification
rather than deferred
gratification.
Femininity vs Masculinity
Moderate
Masculinity
Moderate
Masculinity
Canadians prefer a
balance between work
and life
9
0
36
51
21
61
80
39
48
36
52
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Individualism Power Distance Uncertainty
Avoidance
Time Orientation Masculinity
Australia
Canada
13
5.2 Analysis
According to the chart above, there are many similarities between Australia and
Canada with regards to the Hofstede’s dimensions. Socio-cultural environment
poses as an opportunity as Puawei does not need to make much changes with it
managerial style and functions as what works in Australia should work in Canada.
14
6.0 Technological Environment
6.1 Technological infrastructure
In terms of technology and innovation, Canada has slipped from 9th to 12th placing in
recent years. Countries like Australia and Japan are continuing to improve while
Canada lacks behind (The Conference Board of Canada 2018). In spite of the Canada’s
efforts to enhance its unenlightened commercial innovation performance, the
situation continues to exasperate (Toronto 2015). This may affect labour productivity
and cause manufacturing processes not to operate at their maximum potential due to
the lack of technological infrastructure.
In Puawei’s situation, being a smartphone company means that it needs a high level
of innovation because the smartphone technology moves at a very fast pace. Setting
up a business in Canada may be detrimental to the company’s R&D sector.
6.2 Communication networks
Figure 6: Smartphone Penetration Rate in Canada 2014-2013
Source: Figure reproduced from Statista (2019).
Since Puawei is in the smartphone business, it is also important to look at Canada’s
smartphone user penetration. According to the chart above, Canada has a high
percentage of smartphone penetration and this already high figure is expected to
increase in the next few years.
https://www.conferenceboard.ca/press/newsrelease/2018/05/14/canada-falls-in-conference-board-s-innovation-rankings-as-weaknesses-persist
15
Figure 7: Number of internet users 2000-2016
Source: Figure reproduced from Statista (2019).
Smartphones are complemented with internet service and in 2016, online services
reached 81.19% of the entire population (Statista 2019). The graph above shows that
the time Canadians spent online are increasing gradually every year. This shows that
the online service market is huge and will grow bigger.
Figure 8: Fixed broadbrand Internet prices
Source: Figure reproduced from Dobby (2016).
The chart above shows that the prices of internet services in Canada are approximately
the top of numerous developed countries.
16
6.3 Analysis
Even though the high-level penetration of internet users present itself as an
opportunity, the low level of innovation and high prices for internet services in
Canada presents as a threat to the business. Therefore, we conclude that Canada’s
lack of innovation with regards to it technological infrastructure will affect Puawei
which relies on innovation in the smartphone industry to keep a competitive age will
suffer.
17
7.0 SWOT Analysis
Strengths Puawei Pty Ltd has:
Profuse financial capitals
Long history in manufacturing business
Striking smartphone design
Good company image
Weaknesses Puawei Pty Ltd has:
No experience in expanding overseas
Deficient knowledge about international business
Weak marketing capability
Insufficient manpower resources
Opportunities Canada has:
Political Environment
Stable and safe environment
Friendly relationships with neighbouring countries
Legal Environment
Low level of corruption
Similar legal systems with home country
Economic Environment
Stable currency
Socio-cultural Environment
Similar cultures with home country
Technological Environment
High number of internet users
High number of smartphone users
Threats Canada has:
Economic Environment
Higher currency
Bad economic forecast
Technological Environment
Low level of innovation
High prices of internet services
18
8.0 Conclusion
According to the results of the research, the external environment which includes
political, legal, and socio-cultural environment presents itself as opportunities while
economic and technological environment presents itself as threats. Overall, the
strengths and opportunities outweigh the weaknesses and threats. It can be
concluded that a promising future presents positive business prospects for Puawei
Pty Ltd.
19
9.0 Recommendations
According to the results od the report, it is advisable that Puawei Pty Ltd expand
their operations into Canada by following recommendations:
Expand only manufacturing department to Canada
Retain Research and Development departments in Australia
Train a Canadian manger to oversee the process due to similar cultures
Invest in a manufacturing plant that has lower minimum wage
20
Reference List
Bullock, Lara. 2016. “Northern Exposure.” Lawyers Weekly.
https://www.lawyersweekly.com.au/features/18625-northern-exposure
Canada – Economic Forecasts – 2019-2021 Outlook. n.d. Trading Economics. 01/04/2019.
https://tradingeconomics.com/canada/forecast
Canada Corruption Rank. n.d. Trading Economics, 01/04/2019
https://tradingeconomics.com/canada/corruption-rank
Canada Corruption Rank. n.d. Trading Economics, 31/03/2019.
https://tradingeconomics.com/canada/corruption-rank
Canada Falls in Conference Board’s Innovation Rankings, As Weaknesses Persist. n.d. The
Conference Board of Canada, 01/04/2019.
https://www.conferenceboard.ca/press/newsrelease/2018/05/14/canada-falls-in-
conference-board-s-innovation-rankings-as-weaknesses-persist
Canadian Economy and Political Stability. 2019. Edunova, 01/04/2019.
https://studynovascotia.ca/canadian-economy-political-stability/
Country Comparison. n.d. Hofstede Insights, 28/03/2019. https://www.hofstede-
insights.com/country-comparison/australia,canada/
Dobby, Christine. 2019. “How Canada’s Internet, wireless rates compare with international
prices.” https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/how-canadas-internet-
wireless-rates-compare-with-international-prices/article31379589/
Ease of Doing Business in Canada. n.d. Trading Economics, 03/04/2019.
https://tradingeconomics.com/canada/ease-of-doing-business
Export Markets – Canada. n.d. Austrade, 31/03/2019/
https://www.austrade.gov.au/Australian/Export/Export-
markets/Countries/Canada/Doing-business
Ferris, J Stephen and Derek E. H. Olmstead. 2017. “Fixed versus flexible election terms:
explaining innovation in the timing of Canada’s election cycle.” Constitutional Political
Economy 28 (4): 117-141. https://search-proquest-
com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/docview/1879494603/718D073B810D43CAPQ/6?accoun
tid=1038
Hours of Work. n.d. Government of Canada, 28/03/2019.
https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/employment-
standards/federal-standards/work-hours.html
IBFD. 2008. “Convention Between Canada and Australia for the Avoidance of
Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to taxes on
income.” Australia – Canada Income Treaty.
https://commonlaw.uottawa.ca/15/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_
download&gid=1990
https://www.lawyersweekly.com.au/features/18625-northern-exposure
https://tradingeconomics.com/canada/forecast
https://tradingeconomics.com/canada/corruption-rank
https://tradingeconomics.com/canada/corruption-rank
https://www.conferenceboard.ca/press/newsrelease/2018/05/14/canada-falls-in-conference-board-s-innovation-rankings-as-weaknesses-persist
https://www.conferenceboard.ca/press/newsrelease/2018/05/14/canada-falls-in-conference-board-s-innovation-rankings-as-weaknesses-persist
https://studynovascotia.ca/canadian-economy-political-stability/
https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/australia,canada/
https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/australia,canada/
https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/how-canadas-internet-wireless-rates-compare-with-international-prices/article31379589/
https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/how-canadas-internet-wireless-rates-compare-with-international-prices/article31379589/
https://tradingeconomics.com/canada/ease-of-doing-business
https://www.austrade.gov.au/Australian/Export/Export-markets/Countries/Canada/Doing-business
https://www.austrade.gov.au/Australian/Export/Export-markets/Countries/Canada/Doing-business
https://search-proquest-com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/docview/1879494603/718D073B810D43CAPQ/6?accountid=1038
https://search-proquest-com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/docview/1879494603/718D073B810D43CAPQ/6?accountid=1038
https://search-proquest-com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/docview/1879494603/718D073B810D43CAPQ/6?accountid=1038
https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/employment-standards/federal-standards/work-hours.html
https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/employment-standards/federal-standards/work-hours.html
https://commonlaw.uottawa.ca/15/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=1990
https://commonlaw.uottawa.ca/15/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=1990
21
Minimum Wage by Province. n.d. Retail Council of Canada, 01/01/2019.
https://www.retailcouncil.org/resources/quick-facts/minimum-wage-by-
province/
Statista. 2019. Smartphone Penetration Rate as Share of the population 2014-2023.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/472054/smartphone-user-penetration-in-canada/
Toronto, Marketwired. 2015. “Science, Technology and Innovation Council: Canada’s
Innovation Challenges and Opportunities: 2014 report on the state of Canada’s
science, technology and innovation system.” https://search-proquest-
com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/docview/1736670731/abstract/316AAE469FFC49
E0PQ/4?accountid=10382
XE Currency Charts: AUD to CAD. n.d. XE, 31/03/2019.
https://www.xe.com/currencycharts/?from=AUD&to=CAD&view=5Y
XE Currency Charts: USD to AUD. n.d. XE, 04/04/2019.
https://www.xe.com/currencycharts/?from=USD&to=CAD&view=5Y
Canada: Political stability. n.d. The Global Economy. 28/03/2019.
https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Canada/wb_political_stability/
https://www.statista.com/statistics/472054/smartphone-user-penetration-in-canada/
https://search-proquest-com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/docview/1736670731/abstract/316AAE469FFC49E0PQ/4?accountid=10382
https://search-proquest-com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/docview/1736670731/abstract/316AAE469FFC49E0PQ/4?accountid=10382
https://search-proquest-com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/docview/1736670731/abstract/316AAE469FFC49E0PQ/4?accountid=10382
https://www.xe.com/currencycharts/?from=AUD&to=CAD&view=5Y
https://www.xe.com/currencycharts/?from=USD&to=CAD&view=5Y
https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Canada/wb_political_stability/