Community Needs and Health Screening Initiative

Community Needs and Health Screening Initiative

Directions

For this Assignment you will pick one recommended screening from United States Preventive Task Force A and B Recommendations.  

An initiative is a project, an event, so something in the community is ideal. Workplace location for employees is fine too. Please include the following suggested level one headings so content is clear and easily identified.

Theory or Conceptual Model

Choose a theory or conceptual model that you think might work for your initiative and explain the theory or model here.  You may choose to independently research your model to help you explain its application to your initiative. If you have found another model you will like to use, not listed, contact your instructor.

Screening Purpose

Discuss why it is important to screen for this condition. This is where you address your community assessment and the reason for this need in your community/ population choice. Support your stance with statistics and information, ideally related to the location and population.

Population

Clearly address the demographics that are being screened; where they live, state, county, ages, races included etc. Provide a brief general community assessment as it related to the condition and the population.

Location/ Setting

Briefly explain where you are doing this. It should be very specific (e.g., Senior Citizen Center in Monroe Co on Saturday). Think about what kind of facility or area you will need. Include comments explaining how this location meets the needs of your target population and screening choice.

Screening Activity

This section is what you are doing at the screening and should completely align with the screening guideline for the condition. Also all health promotion screenings include some brief prevention education component.

 Outcome Goals

Bullet specific goals here. What do you hope to accomplish with your screening?

Cost

This is the cost for you to develop and conduct the initiative. It is best displayed as a brief Word table showing what it costs you to conduct the screening; paper, equipment, rentals etc. Volunteers are fine, but everything is not free. Students must demonstrate they can develop a cost estimate for a community screening intervention that is realistic and takes into account financials. If there is a cost for the attendees that should go here as well. 

Summary

Provide a summary of your screening, general benefit to the community and why it is important. Master’s-prepared nurse educators, leaders, nurse practitioners and all specialty nursing fields are contributors to health promotion in populations across the life span. This Assignment is focused on preventive screening applications in the community, workplace or school settings. You should be able to apply this knowledge to their specialty focus as it relates to health promotion and epidemiology.

This should be a 3–4 page paper, excluding title page, and references. A person should be able to read your paper and understand fully what you are screening, where, when, the costs and how it is supported in the guideline. Ideally a person would be able to duplicate your screening initiative, based on the clarity you present. This paper should adhere to appropriate APA formatting and citation style. A minimum of 3–4 sources should be used.

Running Head: URINARY TRACT INFECTION 1

URINARY TRACT INFECTION 7

Urinary Tract Infection

Name

Institution Affiliation

Date

Introduction

Urinary tract infections are more prevalent in women than in men since the anatomy of the female reproductive system is exposed and can contact the infection quickly than men. The urethra is very short; therefore, as it links the bladder, it makes it easy to allow bacteria to enter and cause a lot of damage. On the other hand, the urethral opening is near the anus. The anus contains a large number of E. coli bacteria which cause the urinary tract infection, therefore, making women more susceptible to the infections (Occhipinti, Germano & Maffei,2016). The anus and the vagina are close, and they can transmit the infection since many of the bacteria originate from the anus. Several factors increase the chances of getting UTI in women, such as frequent change of sex partners, menopause and birth control method that is used. UTIs are not a women disease but also affects men. Some situations lead to both men and women contracting the UTIs. They include urinary surgery, blockage of the urinary tract that is brought about by kidney stones and weak immunity of an individual.

Discussion

Nurses stand a better chance to explain some of the hygienic practices that persons are required to carry out in controlling UTIs. Such practices include wiping the front to back to avoid contact of the urethral opening from being exposed to the bacteria that are in large numbers from the anus. Sexual activities can increase the chance of one getting UTIs, especially in women because the sexual reproductive organs of women are attached to the urinary tract; makes women vulnerable to the infection. Women are advised immediately after sex they should urinate so that the bacteria can be flashed off from the body. Washing of the genitalia before and after sex will also cut the risk of getting UTIs. The genitalia will be clean and reduce the chance of getting the infection spreading into the urethra. Frequent changing of partners results in the spread of the infection from one to another. Practising sexual discipline will work a great deal in controlling the UTIs.

Naturally, the vagina contains a large number of natural bacteria which are of great importance in keeping the vagina health and balance the acidity and alkalinity of the vagina. Such bacteria are lactobacilli. The strong soaps and scented products that are used by women disrupt the PH balance and allow the growth of harmful bacteria. Such instances will increase the impact of the infection since they dwell in an acidic environment which will support them in multiplication. The infection is more in women since they have an extensive urinary tract and the infecting bacteria readily gets into the body of the women. The infection is more prolific to women who don’t observe body hygiene properly, and this has been an effect that is placing women in a position that they are not able to handle situations. Men have a shorter urinary tract, and this helps men to have little complications in the tract. Additionally, the track is not open; thus, it will not be able to contact the infection. Having the tract closed helps men to have little exposure that has provided an excellent impact to survive without UTI infections.

Cranberries consumption is among the ways of preventing the urinary tract infection since the traditional medication has the proanthocyanidins. The preventive substance helps to prevent the E. coli from spreading the body tissues of the urinary tract; this will help have the best ways of having the PH of the urinary tract to be at a balance not supporting the body to have the best way of fighting back the bacteria. The cranberries have vitamins C, which mainly increases the acidity of the urine so that they can reduce the growth of the bacteria. The vitamins c will help have a balanced PH in the vagina which will be a boost of having the body to have the balance of having the bacteria backed off the body. The consumption of the cranberries will help have the best ways of having the PH of the body to a balance of neutral, thus having the basis of having all activities at balance. Despite the healing of the UTI, the medicine is a low essential product that will have the body recovering slowly and having the production of other illness that will fuel the growth of bacteria in the urinary tract. The cranberry that is required should be purely juice with a lot of sugar, and this will help to have a conducive environment that will help have the bacteria of the body (Singh, Gautam & Kaur, 2016). Eating fresh and frozen cranberries will help have the bacteria reduced in the body, and this will help have a healthy body that will ensure they have all aspects of the contents of the treatment covered in the body.

Populations such as infants, pregnant women and older women as prone to infection of the UTI. Young children who have the UTI in some cases they have structural abnormalities of the urinary system that will have the chances of having a urinary infection that will have the most attacking point of the system (Jepson, Williams & Craig, 2012). Some infants may not show signs and symptoms of the infection. Pregnant women are more prone to the UTI because of changes in hormones and production of fluids in the urinary tract that makes it to be neutral. A neutral environment favours the growth of the UTI bacteria, and this has made pregnant women be in danger of the infection. The growth of the uterus makes the bladder to have pressure, and this has resulted in having more complications in the urinary tract, which has made women have a worrying condition that will have the burning feeling. Older women have reached the stage of menopause, and they are producing little hormones and the fluids in the tract; this results in a neutral environment that favours the survival of the bacteria.

Women who use products that contain the content of the cranberry have low chances of getting urinary tract infection than those who don’t use (Fu et al.,2017). When they have the content in the body, they can fight the infection, and their tract has an acidic PH that would not allow bacteria to survive. Women who take cranberry components have high acidity in the vagina, and this helps to have a conducive environment of bacteria-free. The diagnosis of women who use cranberry derived products is less than those who don’t since they have more acidic vagina than those who don’t use the product. The dose will have little to do with the products since they already have the products in the body. The product of the cranberry products has the advantage of having an acidic vagina that will help make the bacteria to die and have little multiplication.

Cranberry derived products should be taken mostly in the morning and the evening so that they can raise the ant-adhesion in the body (Fu et al.,2017). This will help the body to have all activities that would be needed in the body so that they can have the best way of having their covering of the PH in the body. Taking the products in the evening will help the body to respond to the reactions when the body is relaxed, and this will help make advances in the level of acidity in the body. The body responds to changes quickly when it’s at a relaxed mode, and this will help boost the derived products take to work well in the body. The excellent products grams of derived cranberry are 72mg, and this will work effectively in the production of the protection and advancements of products that will help recover the PH of the body when it has lost its optimal levels (Jepson, Williams & Craig, 2012). The content below 72mg will not work effectively in the body, and this will make the PH not to be optimal in body parts that it’s needed to be high in acidity and low in basic. Through this imbalance, the situation will lead to having infections that will result in having UTI.

In America, many complications are associated with the infection that affects the urinary body tract. Persistent illness of the urinary may result to infects and other complications that may result to having the body to have abnormalities that will result to having the body to have other illness such as gonorrhoea since the body is vulnerable to infections that are associated with the body part that is affected (Matuszkiewicz-Rowińska, Małyszko & Wieliczko,2015). The body will have little fighting effort that will make it have week body protection capability of infections that are associated with the diseases that affect the body part. The high numbers of infection in America are caused by inadequate intake of cranberry derived products that would have built the body to have stable fighting off infections.

Conclusion

Conclusively, urinary tract infection is caused by bacteria doesn’t survive in acidic conditions; therefore, health practitioners should encourage patients to take vitamin C products that will help in raising the acidity in the urinary tract. Education of people about UTI would have a boost in the health sectors by enlightening people to have a better control measure this will help them to have a right way of containing the spread and effects that may come up with the infection. Cranberry is among the treatment that patients should take since it works effectively with many of the patients who have been treated with it. Eating cranberry derived products will be plus to protecting UTI infection, and this will help make a good boost of the body on fighting the infection. Taking anti-biotic will help make the body to adapt to the healing mechanisms that will be prescribed by a practitioner, and this will help in cleaning up the urinary tract.

Reference

Fu, Z., Liska, D., Talan, D., & Chung, M. (2017). Cranberry reduces the risk of urinary tract infection recurrence in otherwise healthy women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Nutrition, 147(12), 2282-2288.

Jepson, R. G., Williams, G., & Craig, J. C. (2012). Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (10).

Matuszkiewicz-Rowińska, J., Małyszko, J., & Wieliczko, M. (2015). Urinary tract infections in pregnancy: old and new unresolved diagnostic and therapeutic problems. Archives of medical science: AMS, 11(1), 67.

Occhipinti, A., Germano, A., & Maffei, M. E. (2016). Prevention of urinary tract infection with Oximacro®, a cranberry extract with a high content of a-type proanthocyanidins: a pre-clinical double-blind controlled study. Urology Journal, 13(2), 2640-2649.

Singh, I., Gautam, L. K., & Kaur, I. R. (2016). Effect of oral cranberry extract (standardized proanthocyanidin-A) in patients with recurrent UTI by pathogenic E. coli: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical research study. International urology and nephrology, 48(9), 1379-1386.

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Urinary Tract Infection

Yuliet Hernandez

Purdue Global University

MN-504

Scientific and Analysis Approaches to Advanced Evidence -Based Practice

PICOT
PICOT is an acronym of the following;
P-Population
I-Intervention
C-Comparison
O-Outcome
T-Time Frame
In catheter associated urinary tract infections, the population can be represented by catheter patients, the silver alloy coated urinary catheters for intervention, regular indwelling urinary catheter for comparison and decreasing UTIs for outcome.

INTRODUCTION
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection involving any part of the urinary system, including urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidney.
UTIs are the most common type of healthcare-associated infection reported 
Among UTIs acquired in the hospital, approximately 75% are associated with a urinary cathete.
Between 15-25% of hospitalized patients receive urinary catheters during their hospital stay. 
The most important risk factor for developing a catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI) is prolonged use of the urinary catheter
Therefore, catheters should only be used for appropriate indications and should be removed as soon as they are no longer needed

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MY PICOT QUESTION
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In the adult long term acute care patient (P) does the execution of a nursing urinary catheter protocol (UCP) on admission (I) compared to no protocol (C) affect catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) rates (O) over a 3 month period.

CLINICAL QUESTIONS
The background questions provides general knowledge information (Arnold, et al. 2016).
What is considered to be a urinary tract infection?
What causes urinary tract infection?
Who are the most individuals to be affected by urinary tract infections? Male or female?
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The foreground questions can be answered using studied evidence as well as using journal articles (Beahm, et al. 2017).
Does the assessment and management of body water help in preventing Urinary tract infection?
Is drinking of cranberry juice help to reduce the urinary tract infection?

Key Clinical Questions
What are the long term effects of urinary tract infections to the victims?
What are the usual treatment techniques for urinary tract infections victims more especially children and adults?
How does estrogen hormone helps in lowering the urinary tract infections more especially for the women victim?
Can hormone imbalance cause urinary tract infections?

The Levels of Evidence
Level I
“Evidence from a systematic review or meta-analysis of all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCT)” (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019, p. 18)
Level II
“Evidence obtained from well-designed RCTs” (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019, p. 18). 

Cochrane offers a smaller, manageable amount of studies including randomized controlled trial (RCTs) and systematic Cochrane reviews (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019).
Keywords searches: “Urinary Tract Infections” AND “Estrogen” AND “Progesterone Receptors” AND ”Trimethoprim, Fosfomycin”
Time adjustment to search publications within 5 years
Results: 6 Cochrane reviews, 30 trials
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COCHRANE DATABASE

Level 1 Evidence
Article 1: ” Consumption of a cranberry juice beverage lowered the number of clinical urinary tract infection episodes in women with a recent history of urinary tract infection. “
Objective: To determine the effectiveness and safety of using cranberry juice in lowering the rate of infection of urinary tract infections.
Method: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted over 24 weeks in 17 different research clinics (Maki, et al 2016).
Participants: 340 clinically healthy women agreed to participate in the study with one half assigned to the control group and the other half assigned to the experimental group.
Main Results: The meta-analysis shows that 39 women in the experimental group and 67 women in the control group developed a UTI based on the above criteria.

PUBMED DATABASE
PubMed is a free database with access to citations from life science journals maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the NLM at the National Library of Medicine (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019). 
Keyword searches: “Urinary Tract Infections” AND “Escherichia coli & cranberry juice ”
Time adjustment to search publications within 5 years
Results: 40 results, 15 RCTs
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Level 2 Evidence
Article 2: “Recurrent urinary tract infection and urinary Escherichia coli in women ingesting cranberry juice daily: a randomized controlled trial. ”
Objective: Assessing the efficacy of daily ingesting of cranberry juice as a treatment for women who have experienced Recurrent urinary tract infection and urinary Escherichia coli
Method: A randomized controlled trial performed at multiple research centers over the span of three years.
Inclusion Criteria: Women between the ages of 18 and 45 with a history of UTI within the past 12 months.
Exclusion Criteria: Women with a history of diabetes mellitus, kidney stones, malignant neoplasm, vaginitis, cystitis, asymptomatic bacteriuria, anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract, allergy to cranberry products, antibiotic use within the last 7 days; women currently taking oral anticoagulants or prophylactic antibiotics; and women who were pregnant or lactating at the time.
Participants: 176 total participants took part, 120 were assigned to the experimental group and 56 were assigned to the control group (Stapleton, et al. 2012).
Main Results: The experimental group experienced a non-statistically significant decrease in UTI’s when compared with the control group, indicating that cranberry juice may be helpful in the prevention of UTI’s in otherwise healthy women.

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Analysis of Both Levels of Evidence
Cranberry juice supplementation may be a safe, non-pharmacological intervention to prevent urinary tract infections in otherwise healthy women.
Factors such as dosing, formulation, and frequency of ingestion may influence efficacy (Stapleton, et al. 2012).
It is typically tolerated very well and does not appear to have a side effect profile apart from the patient’s taste preferences.

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Conclusion
Although not first line treatment, cranberry juice is a safe measure that can be initiated for the prevention of urinary tract infection.
It would be beneficial to study these effects in other populations, such as males and those with indwelling catheters, as well as the effects of cranberry supplementation in other doses and forms (Stapleton, et al. 2012).
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References:
Arnold, J. J., Hehn, L. E., & Klein, D. A. (2016). Common questions about recurrent urinary tract infections in women. American family physician, 93(7), 560-569. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/2016/0401/p560.html
Beahm, N. P., Nicolle, L. E., Bursey, A., Smyth, D. J., & Tsuyuki, R. T. (2017). The assessment and management of urinary tract infections in adults: guidelines for pharmacists. Canadian Pharmacists Journal/Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada, 150(5), 298-305. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1715163517723036

Maki, K. C., Kaspar, K. L., Koo, C., Derrig, L. H., Schild, A. L., & Gupta, K. (2016). Consumption of a cranberry juice beverage lowered the number of clinical urinary tract infection episodes in women with a recent history of urinary tract infection. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 103(6), 1434-1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/​ajcn.116.130542
Stapleton, A. E., Dziura, D., Hooton, T. M., Cox, M. E., Yarova-Yarovaya, Y., Chen, S., & Gupta, K. (2012). Recurrent urinary tract infection and urinary Escherichia coli in women ingesting cranberry juice daily: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clinical Proceedings, 87(2), 143-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.10.006

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