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CLA 2 PPT – Presentation for the Business Research Proposal

In addition to your Business Research Proposal (CLA 1 & CLA 2 Paper), please prepare a professional PowerPoint presentation summarizing your findings for Business Research Proposal. The presentation will consist of your major findings, analysis, and recommendations in a concise presentation of 15 slides (minimum). You should use content from your Business Research Proposal as material for your PowerPoint presentation. In addition, you should include learning outcomes from all your major assignments. This would include PA1, CLA1, PA2, and of course, CLA2 (unless otherwise specified by your Professor). An agenda, executive summary, and references slides should also be included.

Power Point Tip:

•Don’t crowd your slides with information. Talk about it don’t read it.

•Put script in the notes area

•Don’t have a lot of graphics and transitions.

Note:

1. This assignment will be the presentation (PPT) on the Business Research Proposal “Impact of Covid-19 on Tourism Industry”

2.Please read the Power Point Tips attached carefully before starting the assignment

3. Need to have at least 7 peer-reviewed articles as the reference

4. Need to include in-text citation

5. Need to write the script of the presentation in the note area of each slides

6. I have attached the PA1, PA2, CLA1 papers, you have to summarize the learning outcome of the each assignments

Tips for Making Effective PowerPoint Presentations

8/8/2017

Slideshows are quick to produce, easy to update and effective to inject visual interest into the presentation.

However, slideshows can also spell disaster even for experienced presenters. The key to success is to make certain your slideshow is a visual aid and not a visual distraction.

Tips for Making Effective PowerPoint Presentations

Use the slide master feature to create a consistent and simple design template. It is fine to vary the content presentation (i.e., bulleted list, 2-column text, text & image), but be consistent with other elements such as font, colors, and background.

· Simplify and limit the number of words on each screen. Use key phrases and include only essential information.

· Limit punctuation and avoid putting words in all capital letters. Empty space on the slide will enhance readability.

· Use contrasting colors for text and background. Light text on a dark background is best. Patterned backgrounds can reduce readability of text.

· Avoid the use of flashy transitions such as text fly-ins. These features may seem impressive at first, but are distracting and get old quickly.

· Overuse of special effects such as animation and sounds may make your presentation “cutesy” and could negatively impact your credibility.

· Use good quality images that reinforce and complement your message. Ensure that your image maintains its impact and resolution when projected on a larger screen.

· If you use builds (lines of text appearing each time you click the mouse), have content appear on the screen in a consistent, simple manner; from the top or left is best. Only “build” screens when necessary to make your point because builds can slow your presentation.

· Limit the number of slides. Presenters who constantly “flip” to the next slide are likely to lose their audience. A good rule of thumb is one slide per minute.

· Learn to navigate your presentation in a non-linear fashion. PowerPoint allows the presenter to jump ahead or back without having to page through all the interim slides.

· Know how to and practice moving forward AND backward within your presentation. Audiences often ask to see the previous screen again.

· If possible, view your slides on the screen you’ll be using for your presentation. Make sure slides are readable from the back row seats. Text and graphical images should be large enough to read, but not so large as to appear “loud.”

· Have a Plan B in the event of technical difficulties. Remember that transparencies and handouts will not show animation or other special effects.

· Practice with someone who has never seen your presentation. Ask them for honest feedback about colors, content, and any effects or graphical images you’ve included.

· Do not read from your slides. The content of your slides is for the audience, not for the presenter.

· Do not speak to your slides. Many presenters face the direction of their presentation rather than their audience.

· Do not apologize for anything in your presentation. If you believe something will be hard to read or understand, don’t use it.

· When possible, run your presentation from the hard disk rather than a floppy disk. Running from a floppy disk may slow your presentation.

The Seven Deadly Sins of PowerPoint Presentations

By Joseph Sommerville

It’s not surprising PowerPoint© slideshows have become the norm for visuals in most business presentations. Slideshows are quick to produce, easy to update and effective to inject visual interest into the presentation. However, slideshows can also spell disaster even for experienced presenters. The key to success is to make certain your slide show is a visual aid and not a visual distraction. For the best results, avoid these common “seven deadly sins” of PowerPoint© presentations.

1. Slide Transitions And Sound Effects: Transitions and sound effects can become the focus of attention, which in turn distracts the audience. Worse yet, when a presentation containing several effects and transitions runs on a computer much slower than the one on which it was created, the result is a sluggish, almost comical when viewed. Such gimmicks rarely enhance the message you’re trying to communicate. Unless you are presenting at a science fiction convention, leave out the laser-guided text! Leave the fade-ins, fade-outs, wipes, blinds, dissolves, checkerboards, cuts, covers and splits to Hollywood filmmakers. Even “builds” (lines of text appearing each time you click the mouse) can be distracting. Focus on your message, not the technology..

2. Standard Clipart: Death to screen beans! PowerPoint© is now so widely used the clipart included with it has become a “visual cliché.” It shows a lack of creativity and a tired adherence to a standard form. First, make certain that you need graphical images to enhance your message. If you do, use your own scanned photographs or better-quality graphics from companies such as PhotoDisc (www.photodisc.com) or Hemera’s Photo Objects (www.hemera.com). Screen captures can add realism when presenting information about a Website or computer program. Two popular screen capture programs are Snagit (www.techsmith.com) for Windows and Snapz Pro (www.ambrosiasw.com) for Macintosh. Both are available as shareware.

3. Presentation Templates: Another visual cliché. Templates force you to fit your original ideas into someone else’s pre-packaged mold. The templates often contain distracting backgrounds and poor color combinations. Select a good book on Web graphics and apply the same principles to your slides. Create your own distinctive look or use your company logo in a corner of the screen.

4. Text-Heavy Slides: Projected slides are a good medium for depicting an idea graphically or providing an overview. Slides are a poor medium for detail and reading. Avoid paragraphs, quotations and even complete sentences. Limit your slides to five lines of text and use words and phrases to make your points. The audience will be able to digest and retain key points more easily. Don’t use your slides as speaker’s notes or to simply project an outline of your presentation.

5. The “Me” Paradigm: Presenters often scan a table or graphical image directly from their existing print corporate material and include it in their slide show presentations. The results are almost always sub-optimal. Print visuals are usually meant to be seen from 8-12 inches rather than viewed from several feet. Typically, these images are too small, too detailed and too textual for an effective visual presentation. The same is true for font size; 12 point font is adequate when the text is in front of you. In a slideshow, aim for a minimum of 40 point font. Remember the audience and move the circle from “me” to “we.” Make certain all elements of any particular slide are large enough to be seen easily. Size really does matter.

6. Reading: A verbal presentation should focus on interactive speaking and listening, not reading by the speaker or the audience. The demands of spoken and written language differ significantly. Spoken language is shorter, less formal and more direct. Reading text ruins a presentation. A related point has to do with handouts for the audience. One of your goals as a presenter is to capture and hold the audience’s attention. If you distribute materials before your presentation, your audience will be reading the handouts rather than listening to you. Often, parts of an effective presentation depend on creating suspense to engage the audience. If the audience can read everything you’re going to say, that element is lost.

7. Faith in Technology: You never know when an equipment malfunction or incompatible interfaces will force you to give your presentation on another computer. Be prepared by having a back-up of your presentation on a CD-ROM. Better yet is a compact-flash memory card with an adapter for the PCMCIA slot in your notebook. With it, you can still make last-minute changes. It’s also a good idea to prepare a few color transparencies of your key slides. In the worst-case scenario, none of the technology works and you have no visuals to present. You should still be able to give an excellent presentation if you focus on the message. Always familiarize yourself with the presentation, practice it and be ready to engage the audience regardless of the technology that is available. It’s almost a lost art.

Joseph Sommerville has earned the title “The Presentation Expert” for helping professionals design, develop and deliver more effective presentations. He is the principal of Peak Communication Performance, a Houston-based firm working worldwide to help professionals develop skills in strategic communication.

Tips for Effective PowerPoint Presentations

Fonts

· Select a single sans-serif fonts such as Arial or Helvetica. Avoid serif fonts such as Times New Roman or Palatino because these fonts are sometimes more difficult to read.

· Use no font size smaller than 24 point.

· Use the same font for all your headlines.

· Select a font for body copy and another for headlines.

· Use bold and different sizes of those fonts for captions and subheadings.

· Add a fourth font for page numbers or as a secondary body font for sidebars.

· Don’t use more than four fonts in any one publication.

· Clearly label each screen. Use a larger font (35-45 points) or different color for the title.

· Use larger fonts to indicate importance.

· Use different colors, sizes and styles (e.g., bold) for impact.

· Avoid italicized fonts as these are difficult to read quickly.

· Avoid long sentences.

· Avoid abbreviations and acronyms.

· Limit punctuation marks.

· No more than 6-8 words per line

· For bullet points, use the 6 x 6 Rule. One thought per line with no more than 6 words per line and no more than 6 lines per slide

· Use dark text on light background or light text on dark background. However, dark backgrounds sometimes make it difficult for some people to read the text.

· Do not use all caps except for titles.

· Put repeating elements (like page numbers) in the same location on each page of a multi-page document.

· To test the font, stand six feet from the monitor and see if you can read the slide.

Design and Graphical Images

· Use design templates.

· Standardize position, colors, and styles.

· Include only necessary information.

· Limit the information to essentials.

· Content should be self-evident

· Use colors that contrast and compliment.

· Too may slides can lose your audience.

· Keep the background consistent and subtle.

· Limit the number of transitions used. It is often better to use only one so the audience knows what to expect.

· Use a single style of dingbat for bullets throughout the page.

· Use the same graphical rule at the top of all pages in a multi-page document.

· Use one or two large images rather than several small images.

· Prioritize images instead of a barrage of images for competing attention.

· Make images all the same size.

· Use the same border.

· Arrange images vertically or horizontally.

· Use only enough text when using charts or graphical images to explain the chart or graph and clearly label the image.

· Keep the design clean and uncluttered. Leave empty space around the text and graphical images.

· Use quality clipart and use it sparingly. A graphical image should relate to and enhance the topic of the slide.

· Try to use the same style graphical image throughout the presentation (e.g., cartoon, photographs)

· Limit the number of graphical images on each slide.

· Repetition of an image reinforces the message. Tie the number of copies of an image to the numbers in your text.

· Resize, recolor, reverse to turn one image into many. Use duplicates of varying sizes, colors, and orientations to multiply the usefulness of a single clip art image.

· Make a single image stand out with dramatic contrast. Use color to make a dramatic change to a single copy of your clip art.

· Check all images on a projection screen before the actual presentation.

· Avoid flashy images and noisy animation effects unless it relates directly to the slide.

Color

· Limit the number of colors on a single screen.

· Bright colors make small objects and thin lines stand out. However, some vibrant colors are difficult to read when projected.

· Use no more than four colors on one chart.

· Check all colors on a projection screen before the actual presentation. Colors may project differently than what appears on the monitor.

General Presentation

· Plan carefully.

· Do your research.

· Know your audience.

· Time your presentation.

· Speak comfortably and clearly.

· Check the spelling and grammar.

· Do not read the presentation. Practice the presentation so you can speak from bullet points. The text should be a cue for the presenter rather than a message for the viewer.

· Give a brief overview at the start. Then present the information. Finally review important points.

· It is often more effective to have bulleted points appear one at a time so the audience listens to the presenter rather than reading the screen.

· Use a wireless mouse or pick up the wired mouse so you can move around as you speak.

· If sound effects are used, wait until the sound has finished to speak.

· If the content is complex, print the slides so the audience can take notes.

· Do not turn your back on the audience. Try to position the monitor so you can speak from it.

Additional Resources

Download Interactive Slide Show | Designing Effective PowerPoint Presentations | 53 slides

Legislative Staff Services

Research Process

Student’s Name(s)

Institutional Affiliation(s)

Course Title

Professor’s Name(s)

Date

Research Process

Introduction

Highways and toll roads usage have significantly increased, and necessarily they are so busy mostly (Popoola, Popoola, Oluwaranti, Badejo, & Atayero, 2017). Thus, the manual traditional toll collection systems have been rendered inefficient since they cause more traffic congestion on the roads. It is costly to operate a staffed system due to the high level of labor requirements. In the 1990s, the New York and New Jersey area’s regional transport agencies were prospected to investigate the practicability of electronic toll collection (ETC) system implementation in the interregional roadways as posited in the case study. For the effective functioning of the ETC system, the commuters are provided with the tags that produce radio signals. The central receivers at the toll establish the commuter associated with a particular signal. The tags are connected with the commuter’s toll account, which is debited every time he/she uses a toll facility. Thus, the electronic toll collection (ETC) system taskforce has evaluated the system’s need for the interregional roadways of New York-New Jersey areas. Evaluation of Problem Definition Process

Defining a problem ignites problem solutions and concrete decision making. By problem definition, a researcher can establish a viable need to conduct the research (Moriarty, 2018). Thus, in this case, the task force must evaluate why ETC is required for the interregional roads and the effectiveness of implementing ETC. The interregional taskforce has adequately established in the case study that the ETC system’s need is based on the need to reduce congestion at the toll plazas and eliminate the need for cash payment.

Vision Description

Before the problem description, one must explain how the case would be if the problem is solved does not exist (Lane, 2018). Taskforce establishes the aim to minimize congestion in the toll highways and raise revenue for the regional roads maintenance. There are inefficiencies in the toll collection system since it cannot achieve maximum revenue collection for toll road maintenance (Popoola, Popoola, Oluwaranti, Badejo, & Atayero, 2017). Thus the vision concern should be prospected to achieve an efficient electronic toll collection system for the smart and connected communities. From the case study, the task force establishes a general vision of establishing the ETC program’s feasibility in the interregional roadways area. Therefore, this paper aims to establish ETC’s efficiency in toll collection compared to the traditional toll collection system.

Problem description

At this stage, the task force in charge specifies the main problem he/she wants to solve (Rwegoshora, 2016). For instance, inefficiency in check-in protocols in the airport. While describing a problem helps in identifying the hindrances for the goal or vision achievement. The traditional system’s ineffectiveness significantly affects the transport sector in the region since it is costly to employ laborers for the toll collection compared to the automated system. Additionally, the task force establishes that the traditional system caused congestion at the region’s toll plaza. It affects the commuters’ planning schedule since much time is utilized compared to ETC. From the case study, Texas and Louisiana had successfully implemented the ETC system; thus, there was a need for the interregional ETC system to cut on cost, duration of service delivery, and increase revenue.

Consequences description

Once the problem has been described, and a description of why it is a problem has been established, the consequences of solving the problem must be addressed (Wongpinunwatana, Jantadej, & Jantachoto, 2018). Notably, the task force depicts that electronic toll collection system implementation would foster costless revenue collection for the road maintenance in the transport sector, minimize the rate of congestion in the regional toll plazas, and achieve a commuter-friendly system. However, if the ETC system is not implemented in the region, it would lead to adverse effects on the transport sector and the commuters (Popoola, Popoola, Oluwaranti, Badejo, & Atayero, 2017). The toll plazas would be more congested, and the much time would be used for toll collection. Also, the revenue collection for toll road maintenance would be costly compared to the ETC.

From the E-ZPass, in case 6.1, the problem has been adequately identified because the authorities have first established their vision, which is the adoption of Electronic toll collection (ETC). Still, the task force has described the problem adequately they aim to solve. Additionally, the authorities have described consequences or ramifications of implementing the ETC, such as jam’s reduction at the toll plazas and cash or token payment elimination for the tolls or facilities. From case 6.1, the task force is majorly concerned with the ETC’s implementation.

Research Design Implementation

Research design in this particular study aims to identify an effective strategy that fully integrates its various components effectively in addressing the research problem in this study (Patel, Elena, & Summers, 2019). Thus, in this study, the task force or a researcher can use an experimental research design whereby one can maintain control of the factors that would affect the experiment’s results. Additionally, an experimental research design enables a researcher to examine possible future outcomes through predictions while addressing the research problem. An experimental design is useful in this study since there is consistency in the ETC implementation causal relationship used in other states like Texas and Louisiana. Additionally, the correlation between ETC and the research problem in this study is strong, and therefore, the experimental design would exhaustively elaborate much on the relationship. Also, in this study, it possible to subdivide the study groups into the experimental group and control group measuring with one dependent variable. The taskforce has control and power to manipulate the study population, an easy tool for experimental design implementation.

Research Questions Formulation

The development of the research question is based explicitly on the researcher’s interest in the study (Cronje, 2020). It should be clear in a way that the audience can understand the research’s purpose without a more in-depth explanation. From Case 6.1 a researcher can adopt the following research questions;

1. How does ETC adoption affect the level of revenue collected?

2. How does ETC adoption affect traffic and congestion in the roads and plazas?

3. What is the commuters’ preferred method of payment for ETC between prepaid and post-paid?

Contents of a Dummy Table

Dummy tables represent the tables and figures useful in presenting the results of a research or a study. Dummy tables depict what the researcher is doing and how they intend to show or display results (Kondrat & Jaggers, 2016). In this research proposal, a dummy table can include; the commuter’s payment method preference either post-paid or prepaid, number of vehicles in a toll facility in one hour, toll per journey, number of trips per day, total toll amount per day per vehicle, number of vehicles on the fleet, total toll amount daily, total toll amount monthly.

In conclusion, I have established in this paper the vision of the task force is to entirely implement the electronic toll collection system to mitigate inefficiencies associated with the traditional collection system. The ETC system would enable the transport sector to raise adequate revenue for roads maintenance, and reduce congestion in toll plazas among others. The appropriate research design for this study is the experimental design to collect the first information. Notably, the dummy table in this research would postulate the number of vehicles in a toll facility in one hour, toll per journey, number of trips per day, total toll amount per day per vehicle, number of cars on the fleet, total toll amount daily, total toll amount monthly to show the efficiency of the system in revenue collection.

References

Cronje, J. C. (2020). Designing Questions for Research Design and Design Research in e-Learning. Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 18(1), 13-24.

Kondrat, D. C., & Jaggers, J. W. (2016). Research at work: Understanding regression tables in research studies. Families in Society, 97(2), 142-148.

Lane, S. (2018). A good study starts with a clearly defined question. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 125(9), 1057-1057.

Moriarty, B. (2018). Research skills for teachers: From research question to research design. Allen & Unwin.

Patel, A., Elena, M., & Summers, J. (2019). A systematic approach to evaluating design prompts in supporting experimental design research. Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design, 1(1), 2755-2764.

Popoola, S. I., Popoola, O. A., Oluwaranti, A. I., Badejo, J. A., & Atayero, A. A. (2017). A Framework for Electronic Toll Collection in Smart and Connected Communities. WCECS, 2(1), 2-5.

http://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/12641/1/WCECS2017_pp723-726

Rwegoshora, H. M. (2016). A guide to social science research. Mkuki na Nyota publishers.

Wongpinunwatana, N., Jantadej, K., & Jantachoto, J. (2018). Creating creative thinking in students: A business research perspective. International Business Research, 11(4), 47.

Toyota Research

Questionnaire

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Date

Toyota Research Questionnaire

Introduction

Customer orienta cction is among the virtues that organizations focus on (Bell et al.,

018). Every organization works hard to ensure that all customers’ needs are adequately satisfied (Sheth et al., 2011). This is mostly based on the expectations of the customers. Meeting these expectations assures satisfaction. Typically, customer satisfaction refers to the percentage of customer prospects that have been met after using a specific service or product. Questionnaires are a critical instrument used in the collection of qualitative data (Creswell & Creswell, 2017). Based on the advances in technology, the questions can be administered through different platforms such as emails, google forms or face-to-face interaction. The methods are effective as they can be distributed through various platforms to a variety of participants. The criteria will be effective in the collection of qualitative and quantitative data. There are different types of questions, including open-ended and closed questionnaires (Reja et al., 200

). In the case of open-ended questionnaires, the participants provide more information about their responses. In contrast, in the closed questionnaires, the participants are limited as the researcher offers the answers to choose from.

Background of Toyota Company and data collection.

The company is the leading automobile manufacturer, which is based in Japan (Alshehri, 201

). Due to the high demand for their vehicles, globally, there is a need to assess their customers’ satisfaction after using their products. This assessment makes it po czssible for the organization to make changes to the various issues affecting the dissatisfied customers. To garner this information, the most convenient instrument is questionnaires, which can be shared through different platforms such as Google forms, which can be filled, from any part of the world (Cooper et al., 2003). The instrument will collect primary data as the criteria for determining the respondents will be vehicle owners. Both ordinal and nominal data will be collected through the questionnaire. The nominal information consists of the level of income, age group, gender. The ordinal data will provide information about the customer’s ratings, the perception of the customers to the features of the vehicle, among other aspects. Toyota Vehicle owners will participate in the study. These individuals have information about the operation of Toyota automobiles.

Questionnaire

Dear sir/madam

The company is glad that you opted for our products to provide commuting services. To improve the provision of services, we are fetching information from our product owners. The information will be useful as it can be used to make improvements to the products. The data obtained via this questions is private and confidential. It will only be used for the improvement of services. Kindly feel free to share anything about our products.

1. Gender

· Female

· Male

· Others

2. Age-group

· 18-30

· 30-

· 40-60

· 60+

3. What is your profession?

· Student

· Military

· Civil servant

· Businessperson

· Other(specify)

4. What is your monthly income in dollars

0,0000-100000

· 100000-200000

· 200000-500000

· 500000+

5. Which vehicles have you used in the past

· Hyundai

· Ford

· Suzuki

· Toyota

· Others (specify)

6. Which is your preferred choice of vehicle

· Hyundai
· Suzuki
· Ford
· Toyota
· Others (specify)

7. Have you ever used Toyota Vehicle?

· Yes

· No

8. If yes, for how long?

9. When purchasing the vehicle, did you receive any benefit from the salespersons

· Yes
· No

10. If you received the benefit, were you contented?

· Yes
· No

11. What is your perception about the servicing of the vehicle offered by Toyota Company? Are you satisfied with the services

· Yes
· No

12. Kindly rate the Toyota vehicle you have used based on the following parameters

Feature and rating	1	2	3	4	5
Reliability
Durability
Utilization
Design
Mileage

13. Kindly, fill in the table to provide information on the post-buying experience

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

Description
contented with the exterior and interior design of the vehicle
contented with the level of safety of the vehicle
contented with the value of your vehicle
contented with the performance level for your vehicle
Would you ask your peers to purchase Toyota products
6	Will you go for a Toyota product in future

14. In a brief description, provide other aspects of the products that you would like, improved, or included……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Thank You for your response

Conclusion

Customer satisfaction is one of the critical ingredients in the running (Quinlan et al., 2015). The expenditure incurred by any customer should be reflected in the quality of the commodity. This guarantees the corporation a growing market share (. There are different strategies used to reach customers, such as product reviews (Marshall, 2018). In this case, the questionnaires will be of great significance in providing critical data. The questionnaires will be distributed through different strategies such as google forms. The fourteen closed and open-ended questions will be of great importance in identifying customers’ perception of Toyota products. They have explored all aspects of the vehicle and have provided a platform for the customers to make their recommendations about the products. This will provide substantive information about the levels of satisfaction of the customers.

Reference

Alshehri, O. (2016). Toyota Process Flow Analysis. Global Journal of Management And Business Research. Volume 16 Issue 5.

Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2018). Business research methods. Oxford university press.

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. Sage publications.

Cooper, D. R., Schindler, P. S., & Sun, J. (2003). Business research methods.

Marshall, S. (2018). Doing research in the business world.

Quinlan, C., Zikmund, W., Babin, B., Carr, J., & Griffin, M. (2015). Business research methods. South-Western Cengage.

Reja, U., Manfreda, K. L., Hlebec, V., & Vehovar, V. (2003). Open-ended vs. close-ended questions in web questionnaires. Developments in applied statistics, 19(1), 159-177.

Sheth, J. N., Sethia, N. K., & Srinivas, S. (2011). Mindful consumption: a customer-centric approach to sustainability. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39(1), 21-39.

Impact of Covid-19 on Business

Student’s

Name

Institution Affiliation

Course Title

Professor’s Name

Date

Impact of Covid-19 on Business

Introduction

A never-experienced virus known as Covid-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) graced the world in 2019 and was first reported in Huang China in December. At that time, not much had been done to contain the virus as no one thought it would become a global pandemic. Sooner than later, China was on lockdown in an effort to contain the virus. Little did the world know that the air transport had already spread the virus to other countries. By March, the virus had already been detected in more than one hundred and forty-six states. Due to this, most have been on lockdown, borders have been closed, and movement has been restricted. As a result of this, the business has become impossible, especially in the tourism industry.

Statement of Purpose

The purpose of this study is to highlight how Covid-19 has impacted business, especially the tourism industry globally. Tourism is all about spending and moving; when people can no longer move and can no longer spend due to the constraints facing the economy, then it means that the tourism business cannot earn. The study will also highlight how the tourism industry in the previous pandemics was able to recover and rise again.

Description of the problem

In June, a report posted by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNTAD) states that in 2019 the tourism was accountable for three hundred million jobs and twenty-nine percent of the world’s export. Due to Covid-19, it is estimated that international tourism will incur over one billion dollar losses on tourist arrivals, one hundred and twenty job million job losses, and more than one trillion dollars losses in export revenues. This is all dependent on whether the borders and the measures put in place will be removed. If this does not happen, it is possible that the worst is yet to come.

Coke (2020) states that most of the world economies much rely on the tourism industry, especially the Least Developed Countries. In such countries, tourism contributes to up to 9.5% average G.D.P. This means that tourism will also affect most economies of the world, especially those highly dependent on tourism. To investigate the problem described, the following series of questions will be used.

1. Is there a correlation between Covid-19 and the tourism industry?

H0 There is no correlation between Covid-19 and the tourism industry.

H1 There is a correlation between Covid-19 and the tourism industry.

2. Is there a correlation between the tourism industry and the economy?

H0 There is no correlation between the tourism industry and the economy.

H1 There is a correlation between the tourism industry and the economy.

3. How did the tourism industry survive in the previous pandemics?

H0 The tourism industry did not survive other pandemics.

H1 The tourism industry did survive other pandemics.

4. The Covid-19 measures have affected the tourism industry?

H0 Covid-19 measures have not affected the tourism industry.

H1 Covid-19 measures have affected the tourism industry

Appendix 1

Literature Review

Glossing(2020) highlights through a graph how the increase in numbers of Covid-19 has led to a decrease in flights drastically. To contain the virus, almost all the affected countries had to close down their borders, restrict movement, and prevent the spread of the virus. Due to a lack of traveling, there have not been too many local and international travels. Besides this, social distancing has also resulted in hotels and restaurants being closed down, day visits, festivals, accommodation, and cruises. The tourism has been reduced to nothing as nothing has been happening in any form.

The tourism industry has been gone through a gradual shock where it decreased to a third then two-third to almost nothing. Nationally to enable and promote the sector, most restaurants have been forced to open but only offers take out to its customers. With not much revenues coming in, most of the employees in such restaurants and eateries have been forced to go on unpaid leaves or have had to lose their jobs (Sheller, 2020). With such effects, it means that the economy’s level of output is reduced, which will lead to a decline in the economy. Some of these employees in the restaurant and eateries were mostly at the entry-level and may not have had time to save a lot of money to sustain them. As a result, such employees have either been forced to go back to their reserves or depend on governmental aid (Baum, 2020).

The mobility of human mobility has been put on a halt, which has affected how goods are exchanged, ideas, entertainment, services, and virtual reality experiences—having to deal with the unthinkable like staying home and even having the government and every agency advocating people to stay home as made people not also visit hotels. As a result of this, the concern of making tourism a right but not an entitlement has been surfaced again (Hall, 2020). This is in the context of recognition by the government and by the role the industry plays in employment, economic growth, and global recognition. The tourism industry is not just a source of happiness, leisure, and relaxation. From a financial point of view, the tourism industry is an employer and a contributor to the economy. It is for this reason that McCabe (2015) states that the industry should be considered are a right.

To mention, the areas that have been affected would be understatements as no form of recognition or research can much up to the level to which the pandemic has affected the industry. Jamal (2020) tries to mention a few areas and recognizes that this is just a part. To start is the transport sector, especially the water and air forms of travel. This means that all teams working in the airport and the water ports have lost their jobs or have had to go on unpaid leaves. The other sector is the hospitality sector, the import and export services, the tour and travel sector, the government, the breweries, the food market, the real estate sector, and many more. This is not even mentioning the millions of people who have been affected.

Description of the Project

Setting

The research will be conducted online and directed to a group of various industry players in the tourism industry. The survey will take place online, but every participant will be consented prior to the interview. How over the interview will only accept participants who are in the tourism industry since they will be able to give first-hand information out of experience.

Participants

All participants must have worked or currently working within the tourism industry to promote the quality of data collected. The size of the sample should range between two hundred and fifty to three hundred. The responses will only cover responders from the U.S to ensure that the analysis and valuation of data match the findings. The age will range between eighteen years to retirement age. This is to promote and analyze the views of all ages. There is however no gender, religions and race criteria, the only rules are age, and they all have to be working or were working within the industry amid the Cocid-19 pandemic

Instruments

The data to be collected will be primary data obtained from a sample size of approximately three hundred people; the data will be collected through surveys with straightforward and simple questions. The questions will be developed from the hypothesis that was highlighted from the problem description (Appendix1). The researcher will form the survey questions. The purpose of using questionnaires is to ensure that the research applies primary first-hand data, mainly because secondary may not bring out the exact data that can be used to analyze how the tourism industry has been impacted (Hox, 2015).

Chronology

Impact of Covid-19 in Tourism

Date
Name

Age

The role played in the tourism industry

(Kindly don’t proceed if you are a player or are not involved in the tourism industry)

Currently, Employed?

1. Is there a correlation between Covid-19 and the tourism industry?

To investigate this, the responses should give direct and precise points on the correlation between the two.

2. Is there a correlation between the tourism industry and the economy?
To investigate this, the responses should give direct and precise points on the correlation between the two.
3. How did the tourism industry survive in the previous pandemics?

The data collected here will be backed by secondary data to ensure the validity of the data

4. The Covid-19 measures have affected the tourism industry? How?

The responders should clearly state how the containment measures have affected the industry.

Appendix 2

Analysis

1. Is there a correlation between Covid-19 and the tourism industry?

The dependent variable in this research is Covid-19, while the dependent is the tourism industry. Pearson Correlation will be used to identify the correlation between the two variables from the data obtained. The results will be determined by either accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis through the p-value. If p≥ .05, then the null hypothesis will be rejected, and the alternative hypothesis accepted. It will mean that indeed the tourism industry and Covid-19 are related.

2. Is there a correlation between the tourism industry and the economy?

The independent variable is the economy, while the dependent variable is the tourism industry. Pearson Correlation will also be used to analyze the data in identifying the relationship between the two. If p≥.05 then the null hypothesis will be rejected and the alternative hypothesis will be accepted

3. How did the tourism industry survive in the previous pandemics?

Data collected will be analyzed through secondary data to validate whether the data provided is valid. The secondary data will be obtained from approved articles from other scholars who have documented how the tourism industry survived previous pandemics in the previous years.

4. The Covid-19 measures have affected the tourism industry? How?

The rationales raised from the data collected will be analyzed with secondary data to confirm and validate the data collected. If the data matches the justifications, then it shall be included in the analyses.

Conclusion

Appendixes

Appendix 1- Hypothesis

Appendix 2- Data Collection instrument

References

Automobility Studies Lab accessed at https://cas.ihs.ac.at/some-thoughts-on-what-comesafter-a-mobility-shock/ on Retrieved 25th July 2020

Baum, T., & Hai, N. T. T. (2020). Hospitality, tourism, human rights, and the impact of COVID-19. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.

Covid-19 and Tourism https://unctad.org › Publicatio…PDF Covid-19 and Tourism – UNCTAD Retrieved 25th July 2020

Coke H, P (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on tourism in small island developing states.
https://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=2341

Hall, C. M., Scott, D., & Gössling, S. (2020). Pandemics, transformations, and tourism: be careful what you wish for. Tourism Geographies, 1-22.

Hox, J. J., & Boeije, H. R. (2015). Data collection, primary versus secondary.

Jamal, T. and Budke, C. (2020) Tourism in a world with pandemics: local-global responsibility
and action, Journal of Tourism Futures.

McCabe, S. and Diekmann, A. (2015) The rights to tourism: reflections on social tourism and
human rights, Tourism Recreation Research, 40(2), 194-204.

Sheller, M. (2020) Some Thoughts on What Comes After A Mobility Shock, Critical

Impact of Covid-

9 on Business

Student’s

Name

Institution Affiliation

Course Title

Professor’s Name

Date

Impact of Covid-19 on Business

Introduction

A never-experienced virus known as Covid-19 (Coronavirus disease

019) graced the world in 2019 and was first reported in Huang China in December. At that time, not much had been done to contain the virus as no one thought it would become a global pandemic. Sooner than later, China was on lockdown in an effort to contain the virus. Little did the world know that air transport had already spread the virus to other countries. By March, the virus had already been detected in more than one hundred and forty-six states. Due to this, most have been on lockdown, borders have been closed, and movement has been restricted. As a result of this, the business has become impossible, especially in the tourism industry.

Statement of Purpose

Description of the problem

Coke (2020) states that, most of the world economies much rely on the tourism industry, especially the Least Developed Countries. In such countries, tourism contributes to up to 9.

% average G.D.P. This means that tourism will also affect most economies of the world, especially those highly dependent on tourism. To investigate the problem described, the following series of questions will be used.

1. Is there a correlation between Covid-19 and the tourism industry?

H0 There is no correlation between Covid-19 and the tourism industry.

H1 There is a correlation between Covid-19 and the tourism industry.

2. Is there a correlation between the tourism industry and the economy?

H0 There is no correlation between the tourism industry and the economy.

H1 There is a correlation between the tourism industry and the economy.

. How did the tourism industry survive in the previous pandemics?

H0 The tourism industry did not survive other pandemics.

H1 The tourism industry did survive other pandemics.

4. The Covid-19 measures have affected the tourism industry?

H0 Covid-19 measures have not affected the tourism industry.

H1 Covid-19 measures have affected the tourism industry

Literature Review

Glossing (2020) highlights through a graph how the increase in numbers of Covid-19 has led to a decrease in flights drastically. To contain the virus, almost all the affected countries had to close down their borders, restrict movement, and prevent the spread of the virus. Due to a lack of traveling, there have not been too many local and international travels. Besides this, social distancing has also resulted in hotels and restaurants being closed down, day visits, festivals, accommodation, and cruises. The tourism has been reduced to nothing as nothing has been happening in any form.

Description of the Project

Setting

Participants

Instruments

The data to be collected will be primary data obtained from a sample size of approximately three hundred people. Quantitative data collection instruments will be utilized. The survey will consider a questionnaire to the participants. Interviews carried out in the survey will also consider the answer to the survey questions. This is critical in pooling a wide range of participants through an explanation of feedback obtained. Additionally, the questions to be asked will consider the correlation with the hypothesis and research questions, as seen in Appendix 1. The data will be collected through surveys with straightforward and simple questions. The questions will be developed from the hypothesis that was highlighted from the problem description. The researcher will form the primary survey questions.

Extracting information through a series of questions either in interviews or surveys from respondents leads to questionnaires use. The data collection method will be effective as it is cheap and less effort is required to collect and compile data. This is because participants are able to respond and represent their responses vastly if the questions are open-ended. In addition, multiple questions presented from each variable measure the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The purpose of using questionnaires is to ensure that the research applies primary first-hand data, mainly because secondary may not bring out the exact data that can be used to analyze how the tourism industry has been impacted (Hox, 2015). An integration of both the questionnaire and interview feedback will be used in the analysis. A gnat chart will be applied to show the dependency between schedules and activities. The gnat chart to be used is as seen in appendix 2.

Chronology

The first step of data collection is to develop an online platform that will be used to accommodate the questions and the responders. The next is to establish criteria that marginalize the participants by ensuring that only the tourism industry players can participate in the research. The next step is to attract participants either by word of mouth or advertising to attract more people. Qualitative and quantitative data will be collected as the more data is available, the better for the analysis. Qualitative can be enabled through web discussion forums before the administration of the questionnaire and interviews. In addition, participants are expected to respond voluntarily during the data collection process. Qualitative data will also be considered for the validation of the research, the findings, and analysis. Quantitative data analysis will be enabled through regression analysis. To identify and estimate to impact of one variable on another, regression analysis establishes the correlation of the variables (Hox, 2015). This has regard of the questions to be answered in appendix 3.

Conclusion

I believe that the world’s economies are resilient enough, and despite the ruin that the pandemic may bring to the industry or the business world, it will still rise again. The data collection process was the most challenging part of the research, not because of the availability of data but the mode of access. The survey was done online, and it took longer for data to be collected, unlike what would have been the case if the study was done physically. The pandemic also has, in a way, affected the mode of data collection and the data collection period. Further, conducting an online survey is challenging. This is because, besides the lowered number of participants, people are prone to give misleading information, which may at times contradict the general information. Face to face administration of questionnaires and interviews could have enabled me to observe the participants’ feelings. This would have been essential in the analysis process. With the massive use of online platforms, I expected to collect data within a short period of time. The extended data collection period can be articulated with the lowered number of participants. However, I have learned that data collection through online surveys requires patience and data collection schedules, which have more time. In addition, it has prompted me to carry out the next research through physical data collection methods.