BHS380 Module 4 SLP
Module 4 – SLP
GLOBAL HEALTH REGULATIONS, PARTNERSHIPS, AND GOVERNANCE
Bringing It All Together: Global Health Funding Proposal
Develop a 1-page executive summary synthesizing your findings from your Module 1–3 SLP assignments (in order) and create a complementary 10-slide PowerPoint presentation to solicit funding for your proposed strategy to address your selected infectious disease within your selected population.
In your slide presentation, please include a budget, an implementation plan, monitoring and evaluation milestones to assess progress and success, and a communications/reporting plan for all stakeholders.
Length: 1-page executive summary paper and 10-slide presentation.
SLP
Assignment Expectations
Assessment and Grading: Your paper will be assessed based on the performance assessment rubric. You can view it under Assessments at the top of the page. Review it before you begin working on the assignment. Your work should also follow these Assignment Expectations.
Module 4 – Background
GLOBAL HEALTH REGULATIONS, PARTNERSHIPS, AND GOVERNANCE
Required Reading
Clark, W. C., Szlezák, N. A., Moon, S., Bloom, B. R., Keusch, G. T., Michaud, C. M.,…Kilama, W. L. (2010).
The Global Health System
: Institutions in a Time of Transition. Retrieved from
https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/32062576/193 ?sequence=1
World Health Organization. (2017).
The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health 2016 annual report: Coming of age in a time of transition
. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/pmnch/knowledge/publications/progress_report2016
Chorev, N. (2016). International health organizations as purposive and strategic actors: Theoretical gains and methodological implications. Hygiea Internationalis, 13(1), 19–47.
Edelstein, M., Lee, L. M., Herten-Crabb, A., Heymann, D. L., & Harper, D. R. (2018). Strengthening Global Public Health Surveillance through Data and Benefit Sharing. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24(7), 1324–1330. doi:10.3201/eid2407.151830
Runninghead: METRICS 1
METRICS 5
Metrics
Elizabeth Davis
Trident International University
Dr. Michael Mucedola
August 28, 2020
1. Define the following and provide an example for each Key Health Status Indicator:
· Infant mortality rate
· Life expectancy at birth
· Maternity mortality ratio
· Under-5 mortality rate
· Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)
· Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)
2. If you could select only one indicator to describe the health status of a developing country, which indicator would you pick and why?
Introduction
Global health needs constant evaluation to measure the outcomes of all the interventions that have been used on determinants of health. The use of metrics in health is used to help in assessing the overall health of a population. Global health metrics are used to show health status indicators, risk factors indicators, service coverage indicators and health system indicators.
Infant mortality rate
This is the likelihood that a child born in a specific period will die before reaching the age of one year. It is calculated as the number of newborns in a specific region that will die before reaching one year divided by the number of live birth in the region multiplied by 1000. The social indicator shows the socioeconomic conditions the child lives in as it measures child survival.
Life expectancy at birth
This is the average number of years that a newborn baby is expected to live by passing through life subject to the mortality rates of specific ages at a certain period (WHO, 2015). This is an indicator based on specific death rates of age and sex.
Maternity mortality ratio
This is the number of female deaths linked with pregnancy and can be during pregnancy, childbirth or 42 days after termination of pregnancy. The ratio is expressed per 100,000 live births for a specified period. The numerator is the number of maternal deaths and the indicator is mortality by cause.
Under-5 mortality rate
This is the likelihood that a child born within a specific period will reach the age of five, given the contemporary age-specific death rates. The indicator is expressed as the number of deaths per 1000 live births. The health indicator shows the social and economic conditions the child lives in.
Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)
This indicator shows the number of full heath years a person can live given the contemporary age-specific death rates (Labbe, 2010). The indicator looks at the quality of life and measures life expectancy based on sex and level of development of the country.
Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)
This indicator shows the burden of disease for different population as it shows the time lost due to premature death and years lived in disability. In the calculation one DALY shows the loss which is equal to one year full health.
Infant Mortality rate for Developing Country
A study by Reidpath and Allotey (2003) determined that Infant Mortality rate can be used to measure the health of a population. This study was to show that Infant Mortality rate covered more areas of health rather than what critiques said. Developing countries have high Infant Mortality rates due to various issues like environmental and social barriers which usually prevent access to health. This indicator shows the health position of developing countries where deaths occur due to preventable diseases, premature births, infections and birth complications. According to the World Factbook all the top 50 countries with the highest Infant Mortality rates are developing countries. This shows the current health position for developing countries. However, there is improvement being made in reducing Infant Mortality rate in developing countries with most of these countries being able to invest more in healthcare.
Conclusion
Global health metrics are important as they are able to estimate the strain of disease, disability and death. Infant mortality rate is highest in developing countries showing the level of healthcare in these countries. This also shows what needs to be done to reduce the infant mortality rate in developing countries.
References
Labbe J.A. (2010) Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy: Concepts and Estimates. In: Preedy V.R., Watson R.R. (eds) Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures. Springer, New York, NY.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_23
Reidpath, Daniel & Allotey, Pascale. (2003). Infant Mortality Rate as an Indicator of Population Health. Journal of epidemiology and community health. 57. 344-6. 10.1136/jech.57.5.344.
World Health Organization. (2015). Global Reference List of 100 Core Health Indicators. Retrieved from
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/173589/WHO_HIS_HSI_2015.3_eng ?sequence=1
Running head: GLOBAL HEALTH 1
GLOBAL HEALTH 5
Global Health in the 21st Century
Elizabeth Davis
Trident International University
Dr. Michael Mucedola
September 3, 2020
1. An overview of the selected population.
2. A description of the disease (transmission, prevalence, etc.).
3. A description of potentially relevant cultural factors related to the health issue or disease.
4. Cultural factors such as language, diet, expectations regarding health care, and the role of traditional healing.
5. Environmental and social factors such as climate, economy, and politics.
Introduction
The west of Africa has countries that have rich and diverse cultures. The practices of these countries affected by the Ebola pandemic are similar especially funeral practice and burial rites. Culture plays an important role in these societies and also played a role in the explosion of the disease. Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea have similar cultural practices especially when it comes to burial. Ebola is considered as one of the deadliest diseases with a mortality rate of 90% (Rajak and Jain, 2015). The borders of the countries are porous with constant movement between the countries leading to the sharing of cultures and activities.
Ebola Virus Disease
The Ebola virus disease is a viral disease from the family of Filoviridae that has other viral diseases like Reston, Sudan, Tai Forest, and Bundibugyo Ebola viruses. The disease was first discovered in the Democratic Republic of Congo formerly Zaire in 1976. The disease is transmitted from animals to humans with bats suspected to be the main cause of the disease. The infection of the Ebola virus is through close contact with infected persons and bodily fluid contact. According to Christian et al., (2017) the number of infected cases in west Africa skyrocketed to over 28,000 cases and 11,323 deaths. The most affected countries were Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea which were most affected due to their high-risk behaviors.
Cultural Factors
The high-risk behaviors were related to the burial practices and funeral rites of the three countries. The countries share similar practices that adhere to an ancestral funeral and burial rites. The borders are porous with free movement between the borders of the countries. The culture also detects that the sick should be taken care of. A report by the World Health Organization (2015) suggests that the cultural trait of compassion played a key role in the spread of the disease. According to the cultural trait of compassion, the sick should be compassionately taken care of and their bodies treated with dignity. This means that the bodies of the dead should be ceremoniously be taken care of by increasing contact with the infected bodies.
According to Fauci (2014), healthcare infrastructure between the countries is inadequate. The traditional healers play a key role in a place where government-run health facilities are limited. The population prefers traditional healers or self-medication rather than the use of western medicine. The poverty rate is also high increasing the chances of the population seeking medical advice or assistance from traditional healers. This increased the rate of spread with contact with traditional healers being a practice.
Environment and Social Factors
The political climate is volatile with a country like Liberia suffering from years of political unrest. Civil wars and political instability in other countries made it difficult to create health policies that would benefit the population. Political instability for many years has made sure the economies are weak. The countries cannot sustain some of the health needs of the population without international intervention. Donors play a key role in the implementation of health policies that benefit the population.
Conclusion
Ebola is considered the deadliest disease in the world with a mortality rate of up to 90%. The disease mostly affected the West African region with some of the cultural practices speeding up the spread. Traditional burial rites and cultural practice of compassion for the sick and the dead increased the spread. The years of civil unrest and political instability in the countries make it difficult for health policies to be implemented.
References
Christian, K. A., Iuliano, A. D., Uyeki, T. M., Mintz, E. D., Nichol, S. T., Rollin, P., … & Arthur, R. R. (2017). What We Are Watching—Top Global Infectious Disease Threats, 2013-2016: An Update from CDC’s Global Disease Detection Operations Center. Health security, 15(5), 453-462.
Fauci, A. S. (2014). Ebola—underscoring the global disparities in health care resources. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(12), 1084–1086.
Rajak, Harish & Jain, Deepak & Singh, Avineesh & Sharma, Ajay & Dixit, Anshuman. (2015). Ebola virus disease: Past, present, and future. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 4. 10.1016/S2221-1691(15)30365-8.
World Health Organization. (2015). Emergencies Preparedness, Response. Factors that contributed to the undetected spread of the Ebola virus and impeded rapid containment. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/one-year-report/factors/en/#:~:text=Cultural%20beliefs%20and%20behavioural%20practices,large%20explosions%20of%20new%20cases.
Running head: GLOBAL HEALTH SYSTEMS
1
GLOBAL HEALTH SYSTEMS
5
Health Systems and Financing Strategies
Elizabeth Davis
Trident International University
Module 3 SLP
Dr. Michael Mucedola
September 16, 2020
Health Systems and Financing Strategies
Securing financial support for addressing global health issues is vital in bringing about sustainable improvement in a population’s health status. Additionally, understanding a specific country’s health system allows for more practical and feasible implementation or proposed solutions to global health challenges.
Based on your selected population from Module 2 SLP, summarize the structure of the health system:
1. What are gaps in the system that may contribute to the spread of the selected disease?
2. Recommend a strategy for addressing the selected disease within the structure of the health system.
3. What are some options for financing your strategy internally and globally?
Length: 2–3 pages (excluding the cover page and reference list), double-spaced.
Introduction
One of the major challenges of addressing health issues whether on a local level or global level is financing. Africa faces the same challenges when trying to address some of the population’s health issues. The challenge of securing financial support for addressing health problems in African countries has made it difficult to tackle some of the health problems. When Ebola virus attacked West African countries, it took a while before international financial support to be initiated to tackle the issue. West Africa region has countries that have been in war for years making it difficult for the countries finance health programs that will tackle the issues. According to Dieleman et al., (2019) low income countries depend on out of pocket assistance to handle some of their health problems. The health system in the West African countries is weak with previously countries allocating less than 15% of their annual budgets on health. There are more challenges facing the health system including lack of personnel and limited resources.
Gaps in Africa’s Health System
In 2001 African countries agreed to allocate at least 15% of their national budgets on health. According to Africa Renewal (2017) only six African countries have complied with this agreement with none of the West African countries that were heavily affected by the Ebola pandemic complying. The lack of investment in health care by the governments means that health programs have to rely in external financing which is usually hard to secure. The health programs developed to handle epidemics of diseases like tuberculosis; AIDS, malaria and other tropical diseases has to depend on external funding for them to be successful. Access to health care services is a major problem affecting the population. Access to health care services is a major problem for the sick because the health care system is underfunded, lacks the basic infrastructure to provide health services and a major deficit of health care workers Africa Renewal (2017).
Strategy for Addressing Ebola
The countries out to increase health and health care expenditure to 15% and above their Gross Domestic Product. This increase in health and health care expenditure will increase access to health for more of the population and reduce reliance on external finance. The major problems with the Ebola pandemic were the reliance on traditional healers because of the flaws of the current health system and outdated cultural practices. Investment in healthcare could ensure the implementation of programs that will sensitize the public through creating awareness on the issue. This will ensure cultural practices that encourage physical contact like burial practices and funeral rites are abolished to limit the spread.
Options for Financing
There are limited options for financing health strategies that can be used in eradicating a pandemic. The governments are the major sources of funding which can be direct to the programs created to create awareness. The governments can also improve the basic infrastructure while implementing policies that will benefit the people. Private funding through Non-Profit organizations and both public and private corporations is another option. This includes international corporations that will also provide other resources like skilled personnel and the technology to provide evidence based actions. Global organizations like the World Health Organization play a key role in controlling the spread of diseases. They are also an option for funding for programs as they provide both financial assistance and the required resources.
Conclusion
The health system of African countries faces the same issues in most of the African countries. There is a big funding gap as most of the government allocates less than 15% of their annual budgets on health and health care. Increased funding will ensure improvements of the basic infrastructure of the health facilities. This will also improve access to health as more trained health professionals will be employed.
References
Dieleman, J., Campbell, M., Chapin, A., Eldrenkamp, E., Fan, V. Y., Haakenstad, A., … & Reynolds, A. (2017). Evolution and patterns of global health financing 1995–2014: development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries. The Lancet, 389(10083), 1981-2004.
Africa Renewal. (2017). Health care systems: time for a rethink. United Nations Department of Public Information. Retrieved from
https://www.un.org/africarenewal/sites/www.un.org.africarenewal/files/Africa_Renewal_En_Dec2016_Mar2017_0