Assignment: Evidence-Based Project, Part 3: Critical Appraisal of Research

 

Realtors rely on detailed property appraisals—conducted using appraisal tools—to assign market values to houses and other properties. These values are then presented to buyers and sellers to set prices and initiate offers.

Research appraisal is not that different. The critical appraisal process utilizes formal appraisal tools to assess the results of research to determine value to the context at hand. Evidence-based practitioners often present these findings to make the case for specific courses of action.

In this Assignment, you will use an appraisal tool to conduct a critical appraisal of published research. You will then present the results of your efforts.

To Prepare:

• Reflect on the four peer-reviewed articles you selected in Module 2 and the four systematic reviews (or other filtered high- level evidence) you selected in Module 3.
• Reflect on the four peer-reviewed articles you selected in Module 2 and analyzed in Module 3.
• Review and download the Critical Appraisal Tool Worksheet Template provided in the Resources.

The Assignment (Evidence-Based Project)

Part 3A: Critical Appraisal of Research

Conduct a critical appraisal of the four peer-reviewed articles you selected by completing the Evaluation Table within the Critical Appraisal Tool Worksheet Template. Choose a total of four peer- reviewed articles that you selected related to your clinical topic of interest in Module 2 and Module 3.

Note: You can choose any combination of articles from Modules 2 and 3 for your Critical Appraisal. For example, you may choose two unfiltered research articles from Module 2 and two filtered research articles (systematic reviews) from Module 3 or one article from Module 2 and three articles from Module 3. You can choose any combination of articles from the prior Module Assignments as long as both modules and types of studies are represented.

Part 3B: Critical Appraisal of Research

Based on your appraisal, in a 1-2-page critical appraisal, suggest a best practice that emerges from the research you reviewed. Briefly explain the best practice, justifying your proposal with APA citations of the research.

Student’s Name Pamella Brown

Topic:

Adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy on cognitive
performance

Matrix Worksheet Template

Use this document to complete Part 2 of the Module 2 Assessment,
Evidence-Based Project, Part 1: An Introduction to Clinical Inquiry and Part 2: Research Methodologies

Full citation of selected article	Article #1	Article #2	Article #3	Article #4
Bioque, Miquel, Mac‐Dowell, Karina S.,Meseguer,Macau, Elisabet,Valero, Ricard,Vieta, Eduard,Leza, Juan C.,Bernardo, Miquel.(2019) .Effects of electroconvulsive therapy in the systemic inflammatory balance of patients with severe mental disorder. Psychiatry& Clinical Neurosciences.Vol. 73 Issue 10, p628-635. 8p. 1 Diagram, 2 Charts, 2 Graphs.138990292: ISSN:1323-1316.DOI:10.1111/pcn.12906	Hirshbein, Laura D. (2010): A History of Electroconvulsive Treatment in Mental Illness . Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences Spring; Vol. 46 (2) .Wiley-Blackwell ISSN: 0022-5061:20100427: EPTOC49733042.DOI:10.1002/jhbs.20431	Hirshbein, Laura1,Sarvananda & Sharmalie. (2000). History, power, and electricity: American popular magazine accounts of electroconvulsive therapy, 1940–2005. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. Winter2008, Vol. 44 Issue 1, p1-18. 18p.ISSN: 0022-5061.DOI:10.1002/jhbs.20283
Why you chose this article and/or how it relates to the clinical issue of interest (include a brief explanation of the ethics of research related to your clinical issue of interest)	Our issue of interest is the treatment of dementia using a variety of methods. In this article, there are many tests, which have been performed to treat dementia. There is a brief history, which tells us how many people are on treatment with Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). ECT has previously inadequate understanding, but efficient treatment emerged as a second way to convulsive insulin therapy. In this article, the writer describes that Electroconvulsive therapy was a brutal method that psychiatrists think to control ill persons. This method was used in Africa through which they treat their men became a medical problem. Panic medication is control by positive and negative terminals stick to the person’s temples. That test was conducted on patients who were willing to test themselves on their charges. In the past, it was a common practice for the treatment of dementia. Popular ECT discussions around this time-period have begun to show a vast rate of sarcasm of psychological performance in standard and Electroconvulsive therapy in separate	Problems associated with mental disorders. The role of ECT, electroconvulsive therapy, and antibodies in the treatment of this disease. It is used mainly in major bipolar disorder (BD), schizophrenia-related drug-resistant, and depression disorders. Presently, we check a brand new key point in specifically converting the natural immune system. The check or balance of inflammation for important methods includes the pathophysiology’s treatment of these psychiatric illnesses. The subject we selected throughout this study was about treatment and monitoring of mental health. This paper is related to an issue chosen in this way.	This document sheds light on the effects of (ECT) on the best way to treat mental disorders. Our exciting problem is the treatment of dementia using a variety of methods. Electroconvulsive therapy previously shows that it can be the most efficient treatment for major depressive and catatonic conditions than psychotherapy pharmacotherapy. However, ECT is also linked-through temporary impairment of brain function in medicine. These include therapy for the following shortcomings in orientation, quick memory functionality, attention, right speech, and administrative tasks that last from hours to months in most cases.	The treatment of dementia is used in a variety of ways. There are various scholars from history that researchers select as a basis. A historian with a sense of history, Reiss offers a variety of “literary” readings to add humor and understanding to our understanding of what he sees as the most significant problem of nineteenth-century Americans: the unconditional self-control of those who seem mentally incompetent to exercise personal freedom. He points out from the outset issue has been hearing beyond the legal and medical circles and has reached the extremities of culture.
Brief description of the aims of the research of each peer-reviewed article	The purpose of the study of this article is to understand the best practices and standard practices used in the treatment of mental disorders. Look from history on the importance and method of treating dementia. Psychological opposition in the last few decades certainly describes the resilience with which he attacks mental illness. The development of medication or depression. Then the formulation and (ECT) development are developed. We test popular ECT magazine presents and shocking treatments from the 1950s to 2005 to understand changes by time as community interaction with Electroconvulsive therapy and the emerging power. Popular ECT presentations become a path for lawyers and opponents to express their point of view on Electroconvulsive treatment and mental health. Knowing how it becomes a common practice for the treatment of mental disorders. Previously Electroconvulsive therapy became a viewpoint for lawyers as critics to express psychological power and provide security to threaten society.	Many effecting points in the recovery system’s function (immune) system and the check of inflammation like a vital function conclude in the pathophysiology of severe psychiatric illness. Previous Research has shown that the (ECT) changes specific inflammation or the recovery(immune) responses. The study’s purpose is to check the behavior of electroconvulsive therapy on the nuclear transcription factor κB (NF VerB), a key mechanism to control the immune response	It is the most effective way to treat mental disorders. History is ambiguous in electroconvulsive therapy. -related side important role in psychological functioning shows a lack of consensus in the history of electroconvulsive therapy-related role on its functioning. Adverse effects of ECT on brain function. It is obtaining enough and to the point data to get perfect conclusions.
Brief description of the research methodology used Be sure to identify if the methodology used was qualitative , quantitative , or a mixed-methods approach. Be specific.	The Methodology of Research used in this article is mixed-methods Research.	Thirty of the patients with major psychiatric disorders receiving ECT treatment at our center have been included. 13 systemic biomarkers related to the NF (VerB) method analyze early two h after one ECT session.	The cognitive function uses a digital ascending number tapping test (DANTT). It is a psychometric measurement mode. Using a digital ascending number tapping test, the researchers, especially Research on the speed of functioning, high-quality performance, and digital search during treatment of patients aged between 36 to 76 years. They sum up like that ECT does not have different unique characteristics that alter cognitive functioning in those domains up to 2 hours during treatment. That was the main difference from the output of previous Research. Quantative	Mixed Research methodology used in this article.
A brief description of the strengths of each of the research methodologies used, including reliability and validity of how the methodology was applied in each of the peer-reviewed articles you selected.	The use of multidisciplinary Research has provided researchers with history and experimental perspectives on disorders and treatments. A term used by opponents to spread the spread of mental illness by authorizing the control of patients who were brutally treated with shocking therapy. It gives a different account of ECT and its history.	The study demonstrates electroconvulsive therapy time on the canonical regulation of the congenital recovery (immune) system plus the balance. Such biomarkers can be important for therapeutic response subjects and help understand the natural function of electroconvulsive therapy function. These researches require considerable accuracy of interest in further investigations and the importance of translating this information.	ECT’s negative impact on mental functioning has been the object to investigation in many types of Research. The present Research does not give enough and to the point knowledge to make-dependable outputs about the extent and severity of disability in specific areas in mental functioning. Contrary to old researchers, this study did not provide a beneficial change in the loss of post-ECT in selected areas of understanding, namely processing speed, high performance, and visual search as measured by DANNT. These findings suggest that some cognitive factors may be protected in ECT, while other domains, which have been shown to show shortcomings in other studies, can be easily overlooked. The use of the digital ascending number tapping test presented in the analysis of experiments used in old Research such as routing that provides complete scores with no finding local activity in specific cognitive domains is an example of this approach	A detailed, comprehensive account of psychoanalysis’s construction from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the end of World War II. Psychoanalysis improved, with ongoing battles.
General Notes/Comments

ARTICLE 4

Sasha S. Getty, Lawrence R. Faziola. (2017).Adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy on cognitive performance.electroconvulsive therapy, cognitive performance, Mental Illness Vol 9, Iss 2 (2017)& Directory of Open Access Journals.ISSN:2036-7457,2036-7465.DOI:10.4081/mi.2017.7181:

http://www.pagepress.org/journals/index.php/mi/article/view/7181

;

https://doaj.org/toc/2036-7457

;

https://doaj.org/toc/2036-7465

.edsdoj.f3ec8b67b007478b8b01590f1cc0f5b2

Matrix Worksheet Template

© 2018 Laureate Education Inc.
1

Evaluation Table

Use this document to complete the
evaluation table
requirement of the Module 4 Assessment,

Evidence-Based Project, Part 4A: Critical Appraisal of Research

Full APA formatted citation of selected article.	Article #1	Article #2	Article #3	Article #4
Evidence Level * (I, II, or III)
Conceptual Framework Describe the theoretical basis for the study (If there is not one mentioned in the article, say that here).**
Design/Method Describe the design and how the study was carried out (In detail, including inclusion/exclusion criteria).
Sample/Setting The number and characteristics of patients, attrition rate, etc.
Major Variables Studied List and define dependent and independent variables
Measurement Identify primary statistics used to answer clinical questions (You need to list the actual tests done).
Data Analysis Statistical or Qualitative findings (You need to enter the actual numbers determined by the statistical tests or qualitative data).
Findings and Recommendations General findings and recommendations of the research
Appraisal and Study Quality Describe the general worth of this research to practice. What are the strengths and limitations of study? What are the risks associated with implementation of the suggested practices or processes detailed in the research? What is the feasibility of use in your practice?
Key findings
Outcomes
General Notes/Comments

*
These levels are from the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice: Evidence Level and Quality Guide

· Level I

Experimental, randomized controlled trial (RCT), systematic review RTCs with or without meta-analysis
· Level II

Quasi-experimental studies, systematic review of a combination of RCTs and quasi-experimental studies, or quasi-experimental studies only, with or without meta-analysis
· Level III

Nonexperimental, systematic review of RCTs, quasi-experimental with/without meta-analysis, qualitative, qualitative systematic review with/without meta-synthesis
· Level IV

Respected authorities’ opinions, nationally recognized expert committee/consensus panel reports based on scientific evidence
· Level V

Literature reviews, quality improvement, program evaluation, financial evaluation, case reports, nationally recognized expert(s) opinion based on experiential evidence
**Note on Conceptual Framework
· The following information is from Walden academic guides which helps explain conceptual frameworks and the reasons they are used in research. Here is the link
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/conceptualframework

· Researchers create theoretical and conceptual frameworks that include a philosophical and methodological model to help design their work. A formal theory provides context for the outcome of the events conducted in the research. The data collection and analysis are also based on the theoretical and conceptual framework.
· As stated by Grant and Osanloo (2014), “Without a theoretical framework, the structure and vision for a study is unclear, much like a house that cannot be constructed without a blueprint. By contrast, a research plan that contains a theoretical framework allows the dissertation study to be strong and structured with an organized flow from one chapter to the next.”
· Theoretical and conceptual frameworks provide evidence of academic standards and procedure. They also offer an explanation of why the study is pertinent and how the researcher expects to fill the gap in the literature.
· Literature does not always clearly delineate between a theoretical or conceptual framework. With that being said, there are slight differences between the two.
References
The Johns Hopkins Hospital/Johns Hopkins University (n.d.). Johns Hopkins nursing dvidence-based practice: appendix C: evidence level and quality guide. Retrieved October 23, 2019 from
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/evidence-based-practice/_docs/appendix_c_evidence_level_quality_guide

Grant, C., & Osanloo, A. (2014). Understanding, Selecting, and Integrating a Theoretical Framework in Dissertation Research: Creating the Blueprint for Your” House”. Administrative Issues Journal: Education, Practice, and Research, 4(2), 12-26.
Walden University Academic Guides (n.d.). Conceptual & theoretical frameworks overview. Retrieved October 23, 2019 from
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/conceptualframework

Critical Appraisal Tool Worksheet Template

© 2018 Laureate Education Inc.
1

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY ON COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE

Student’s Name;

Course;

Tutor;

Date;

CLINICAL ISSUE OF INTEREST
My clinical issue of interest is the adverse effects of electroconvulsive treatment on cognitive performance.
Cognitive performance means variable mental abilities which include learning, reasoning, thinking, remembering, attention and decision making.
For decades human beings have been subject to therapies when they are exposed to certain infection .
The commonest therapy which has been used continuously is the electroconvulsive therapy which is aimed at treating depression and bipolar disorder which have been resistant to other treatments.
This therapy has been however an aspect of concern due to the adverse effects which it has on the human beings cognitive abilities which have been listed above.

Cognitive performance- different mental abilities including learning, reasoning, thinking, remembering, attention and decision making
Electroconvulsive therapy are usually aimed at treatment of depression and bipolar disorder which have been resistant to other treatment
Continous use of this therapy have been seen to have adverse effects on different individuals cognitive performance
2

How PICOT questions was developed
The clinical issue of interest acted as a source of developing PICOT questions
For our case I developed the PICOT questions based on every element of PICOT question. The elements include P which is the patients problem, I which is the intervention , C which stands for comparison, O for the outcome and T for the time frame
In this case P will stand for the adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy, I which is the intervention is the electroconvulsive therapy, C can be another form of therapy for example cognitive behavioral therapy, O which is the objective of treating the bipolar disorder patient while the time frame is 1 year.

Developing of PICOT question for the clinical issue of interest is based on the elements of PICOT which stands fro specific aspects, The P standing for patients problem, I fro intervention, C for comparison, O for objective and T for time frame
The PICOT question developed for the clinical issue of interest should therefore not miss out any of the elements for clarity
3

Research data bases to search for articles
There are several data bases which were utilized in finding research articles for this study
The common data base is the Google scholar which contains variety of scholarly articles for the topic of interest, page press, pub med and academic search complete.
The sources chosen were strictly peer reviewed and were complying to the topic of interest which is the Electroconvulsive therapy adverse effects to an individual cognitive performance

Several databases were utilized in selecting of data bases for choosing peer reviewed articles for this topic of clinical interest, the databases include Google scholar, page press, pub med and academic search complete.
The data bases must comply with the topic of interest and the articles strictly peer reviewed
4

Levels of evidence for the peer reviewed articles
The four articles can be placed on different levels of evidence
Article 1 can be placed on level V of evidence since it contains diverse information from systematic reviews of qualitative and quantitative studies. The reviews are from Bioque(2019) and psychiatry and clinical neurosciences
Article 2 and 3 can be placed on level VI since they obtain their evidence from single descriptive or qualitative study. The single descriptive or qualitative study is obtained from (Hirshbein, 2010)
Article 4 is placed in level V since they obtain their evidence from systematic meta analysis of different studies. According to Sasha (2017), treatment of dementia can be done in various ways. This particular information is derived from various researchers who have done this particular research on the same. This renders this article a level V article
Continuous use of systematic reviews has proven to be of great benefit in clinical research. The benefits include provision of extensive overview of available evidence on certain research topic. Besides that it enables a given researcher to identify certain research gaps and correct them

There are three levels of evidence for peer reviewed articles. Level V which evidence is obtained from meta analysis of studies, level VI which evidence is obtained from single descriptive studies while level VII which involves obtaining reports from expert committees
5

Conclusion
Continuous use of electroconvulsive therapy has resulted to many individuals affecting their cognitive performance
Several articles have been written on the same and many stored as peer reviewed for future reference on the same aspects
To access peer reviewed article on this aspect several aspects are regarded of great importance such as Google scholar, pub press and pub med

References
Bioque, M., Mac‐Dowell, K. S., Meseguer, A., Macau, E., Valero, R., Vieta, E., … & Bernardo, M. (2019). Effects of electroconvulsive therapy in the systemic inflammatory balance of patients with severe mental disorder. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 73(10), 628-635.
Hirshbein, Laura1,Sarvananda & Sharmalie. (2000). History, power, and electricity: American popular magazine accounts of electroconvulsive therapy, 1940–2005. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. Winter2008, Vol. 44 Issue 1, p1-18. 18p.ISSN: 0022-5061.DOI:10.1002/jhbs.20283
Hirshbein, L. D. (2010). Edward Shorter and David Healy. Shock Therapy: A History of Electroconvulsive Treatment in Mental Illness. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007. 398 pp. $27.95 (cloth). ISBN 978-0813541693.
Sasha S. Getty, Lawrence R. Faziola. (2017).Adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy on cognitive performance.electroconvulsive therapy, cognitive performance, Mental Illness Vol 9, Iss 2 (2017)& Directory of Open Access Journals.ISSN:2036-7457,2036-7465.DOI:10.4081/mi.2017.7181:http://
www.pagepress.org
/journals/
index.php
/mi/article/view/7181; https://doaj.org/toc/2036-7457; https://doaj.org/toc/2036-7465.edsdoj.f3ec8b67b007478b8b01590f1cc0f5b2