Article Review #2 – Business Statistics
Instructions:
This assignment is for you to learn how statistics is a part of every field in business and also a crucial part of our society. MUST be an article from a peer-reviewed journal. Ideally, you will choose articles that are related to your major or an area of interest to you. I have had students review articles on sports, health, social media, parenting, marketing, economy, and the list goes on.
Make sure you CITE your article in the standard APA 6th edition format.
**Three paragraphs: I am expecting about 1-2 pages, APA 6th edition format, 12 pt. Times New Roman, double spaced, include a REFERENCE or WORKS CITED section at the end of your review.
1P) Summary of the article
2P) Summary the statistics used
3P) Did the statistics support their argument?
(1) Attach your summary as a Word Document or PDF file. Make sure to summarize the statistics.
(2) Attach your article as a Word Document or PDF file. OR Provide the link to the article in the assignment window.
attached is an outline to follow and examples .
CHARACTERISTICSOF “GOOD” RESEARCH ARTICLES
A. Title
Title is well related to content of article
B. Problem
Problem is clearly stated
Hypotheses are clearly stated
Problem is significant
Assumptions are clearly stated
Limitations of the study are stated
Important terms are defined
C. Review of Literature
Coverage of the literature is adequate
Review of the literature is well organized
Studies are examined critically
Source of important findings is noted
Relationship of the problem to previous research is made clear
D. Procedures
Research design is described fully
Research design is appropriate to solution of the problem
Research design is free of specific weaknesses
Population and sample are described
Method of sampling is appropriate
Data gathering methods or procedures are described
Data gathering methods or procedures are appropriate to solution of the problem
Data gathering methods or procedures are used correctly
Validity and reliability of data gathering procedures are established
E. Data Analysis
Appropriate methods are selected to analyze data
Methods utilized in analyzing the data are applied correctly
Results of the analysis are presented clearly
Tables and figures are effectively used
F. Summary and Conclusions
Conclusions are clearly stated
Conclusions are substantiated by the evidence presented
Conclusions are relevant to the problem
Conclusions are significant
Generalizations are confined to the population from which the sample was drawn
G. Form and Style
Report is clearly written
Report is logically organized
Tone of the report displays an unbiased, impartial, scientific attitude
UWA College of Business
Marketing Article
Summary
BQ 371 Advanced Statistics Spring 2016
Winkles, Brie
1-22-2016
The area of interest in business that was researched was marketing. The article, “Do
social media marketing activities enhance customer equity? An empirical study of luxury fashion
brand” was written by Kim and Ko (Kim & Ko, 2012). The authors address the question stated
in the title about social marketing media (SMM). The goal was to research the identifying
characteristics of SMM and to explore the correlation among these characteristics in relation to
luxury fashion brands. The five main constructs were listed as; SMM activities, value equity,
relationship equity, brand equity, customer equity, and purchase intention. Five sub-constructs
were defined under SMM activities as entertainment, interaction, trendiness, customization, and
word of mouth. The authors defined these constructs very well in terms of the area of luxury
brands. A few of the luxury brands were listed in the literature review and survey as; Louis
Vuitton, Gucci, Burberry, and Dolce & Gabbana. Kim and Ko also discussed the “digital IQ” of
luxury brands and defined these as a rating scale on four different characteristics (p. 1482). Some
of the SMM mentioned were Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, live broadcasting blogs, and iPhone
applications.
The authors provided their well-defined ten hypotheses among the constructs listed above
(p. 1482). The measurements included; descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s α (test for reliability),
confirmatory factor analysis (CFA measures the validity of the constructs), correlation matrix
(measures the relationship among variables), and structural equation modeling (used to test the
hypotheses). All of the results were well described and summarized in convenient tables. All of
the tests reported the p-values, test statistics (t-values), and Beta levels (β) to determine
significant differences or no significant differences. Also, the results of the structural equation
model was diagramed as a figure in the article. This diagram was help to visually see the
relationships among the five main constructs of interest and their significance.
The statistical results gave the following conclusions to the research. The SMM activities
were over all significant and positive in terms of the three customer equity drivers; value equity,
relationship equity, and brand equity. The customer equity drivers and customer equity; brand
equity was negative effect, but value and relationship equity had no effect. Purchase intention
and customer equity; value and brand equity were significantly positive were relationship equity
had no effect. Lastly, purchase intention and customer equity were significant. Overall, the study
would be helpful for luxury brands to forecast future purchasing behavior of their customers
accurately and help lead them in managing assets and marketing activities.
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251511530
Do social media marketing activities enhance
customer equity? An empirical study of luxury
fashion brand. Journal of Business Research,
August, 1-7
ARTICLE in JOURNAL OF BUSINESS RESEARCH · OCTOBER 2012
Impact Factor: 1.48 · DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.014
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Available from: Angella J. Kim
Retrieved on: 19 January 2016
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251511530_Do_social_media_marketing_activities_enhance_customer_equity_An_empirical_study_of_luxury_fashion_brand_Journal_of_Business_Research_August_1-7?enrichId=rgreq-352b2d4c-9f28-4727-b1b1-0739cc611f14&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MTUxMTUzMDtBUzoxMDMyODY3NDA4ODE0MjBAMTQwMTYzNjg4Njg0OA%3D%3D&el=1_x_2
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251511530_Do_social_media_marketing_activities_enhance_customer_equity_An_empirical_study_of_luxury_fashion_brand_Journal_of_Business_Research_August_1-7?enrichId=rgreq-352b2d4c-9f28-4727-b1b1-0739cc611f14&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MTUxMTUzMDtBUzoxMDMyODY3NDA4ODE0MjBAMTQwMTYzNjg4Njg0OA%3D%3D&el=1_x_3
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Journal of Business Research
65 (2012) 1480–1486
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Journal of Business Research
Do social media marketing activities enhance customer equity? An empirical study of
luxury fashion brand☆
Angella J. Kim a,1, Eunju Ko b,⁎
a University of Minnesota, College of Design Department of Design, Housing, and Apparel, 346 McNeal Hall, 1985 Buford Avenue St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
b University, College of Human Ecology Department of Clothing and Textiles, 262 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Samsung Hall 318, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
☆ The authors gratefully acknowledge the reading
C. Anthony Di Benedetto and Rajan Nataraajan to an e
are responsible for all limitations and errors that may rela
⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 2 2123 3109.
E-mail addresses: angie.jy.kim@gmail.com (A.J. Kim)
1 Tel.: +1 612 624 2254.
0148-2963/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All
doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.014
a b s t r a c t
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 1 December 2010
Received in revised form 1 June 2011
Accepted 1 August 2011
Available online 28 October 2011
Keywords:
Luxury brands
Perceived social media marketing (SMM)
activities
Value equity
Relationship equity
Brand equity
Customer equity
Purchase intention
In light of a growing interest in the use of social media marketing (SMM) among luxury fashion brands, this
study set out to identify attributes of SMM activities and examine the relationships among those perceived
activities, value equity, relationship equity, brand equity, customer equity, and purchase intention through
a structural equation model. Five constructs of perceived SSM activities of luxury fashion brands are enter-
tainment, interaction, trendiness, customization, and word of mouth. Their effects on value equity, relation-
ship equity, and brand equity are significantly positive. For the relationship between customer equity drivers
and customer equity, brand equity has significant negative effect on customer equity while value equity and
relationship equity show no significant effect. As for purchase intention, value equity and relationship equity
had significant positive effects, while relationship equity had no significant influence. Finally, the relationship
between purchase intention and customer equity has significance. The findings of this study can enable lux-
ury brands to forecast the future purchasing behavior of their customers more accurately and provide a guide
to managing their assets and marketing activities as well.
© 2011 Elsevier Inc. All
rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The luxury market has attained maturity, along with the gradual
expansion of the scope of its market and a rapid growth in the num-
ber of customers. Luxury market is a high value-added industry bas-
ing on high brand assets. Due to the increased demand for luxury in
emerging markets such as China, India, and the Middle East, opportu-
nities abound to expand the business more than ever. In the past, lux-
ury fashion brands could rely on strong brand assets and secure
regular customers. However, the recent entrance of numerous fashion
brands into the luxury market, followed by heated competition, sig-
nals unforeseen changes in the market.
A decrease in sales related to a global economic downturn drives
luxury businesses to change. Now they can no longer depend solely
on their brand symbol but must focus on brand legacy, quality, es-
thetic value, and trustworthy customer relationships in order to suc-
ceed. A key element to luxury industry becomes providing values to
customers in every way possible.
and revision suggestions by
arlier draft. The authors alone
te to the study and the paper.
, ejko@yonsei.ac.kr (E. Ko).
rights reserved.
As a means to constitute customer assets through effective com-
munication with consumers, luxury brands have tilted their eyes to-
ward social media. Marketing communication using social media
such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube has already been evaluated
as business take-off tools for luxury fashion brands. Traditional de-
signer houses such as Louis Vuitton provide live broadcasting fashion
shows on their blogs. Ralph Lauren, Chanel, Donna Karan, and Gucci
have worked with Apple to create iPhone applications.
Many luxury houses create their own Twitter accounts or post
themselves on Facebook. Brands and customers are communicating
with each other without any restriction in time, place, and medium
so that old-fashioned one-way communication is changed to interac-
tive two-way direct communication. In this way, brands and cus-
tomers are working together to create new products, services,
business models, and values. Meanwhile, brands can gain exposure
and strengthen relationships with customers. Social media marketing
(SMM) is a two-way communication seeking empathy with young
users, and even enforcing the familiar emotions associated with exist-
ing luxury brands to a higher age group. In addition, social media ac-
tivities of brands provide an opportunity to reduce misunderstanding
and prejudice toward brands, and to elevate brand value by creating a
platform to exchange ideas and information among people online.
With the increased use of SMM by luxury brands, it has become
highly necessary to quantitatively analyze the effects of the social
media. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the constructs
of perceived SMM activities of luxury fashion brands, and to evaluate
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.014
mailto:angie.jy.kim@gmail.com
mailto:ejko@yonsei.ac.kr
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.014
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01482963
1481A.J. Kim, E. Ko / Journal of Business Research 65 (2012) 1480–1486
the influence of those activities on customer equity and purchase in-
tention. As the luxury business environment is undergoing a rapid
change, this research will redefine the properties of luxury brands
that affect their performance so as to guide businesses to manage
and elevate them. This research will propose a strategy to enhance
brands’ performance by defining specific factors relating to customer
equity and purchase intention. Moreover, the findings will enable
luxury brands to forecast customer purchasing behavior and manage
their customer equity and social media activity as well.
2. Social media marketing activities
2.1. SMM activities and their effects on firm performance
Social media are online applications, platforms and media which
aim to facilitate interactions, collaborations and the sharing of con-
tent (Richter & Koch, 2007). They take a variety of forms, including
weblogs, social blogs, microblogging, wikis, podcasts, pictures,
video, rating and social bookmarking. As their use increases exponen-
tially, not only existing social networkers but even business firms and
governmental organizations are joining and using them as communi-
cation tools. Unlike individual social networkers, these entities active-
ly make use of the media for advertising and marketing. While
commercial messages and interactions with consumers partner with
media, events, entertainment, retailers, and digital services through
social media, it is possible to perform integrated marketing activities
with much less effort and cost than before.
According to Kim and Ko (2010a), social media can have a dramat-
ic impact on a brand’s reputation. One-third of survey participants
posted opinions about products and brands on the brand’s blog, and
36% thought more positively about companies that have blogs. A re-
cent study by DEI Worldwide (2008) provides the following statistics:
70% of consumers have visited social media sites to get information;
49% of these consumers have made a purchase decision based on
the information they found through the social media sites; 60% said
they were likely to use social media sites to pass along information
to others online; and 45% of those who searched for information via
social media sites engaged in word-of-mouth. The report states that
companies not engaging in social media as part of their online mar-
keting strategy are missing an opportunity to reach consumers.
With a significant percentage of people passing along information to
others through social media, the value of one customer is worth far
more than what he or she initially spends. Thus, firms and brands
now need to factor in the value of customers and also the influence
of social media on them.
2.2. SMM activities of luxury brands
Technology development benefits the world of fashion by attract-
ing customers to interact with the brands. Fashion brands’ involve-
ment in such things as tweeting, blogging, and networking has led
luxury brands to participate in the current trend. At first, most of
the brands were somewhat reluctant to use technology; however,
the industry has come to consider technology as an opportunity rath-
er than a threat. Unlike the first predictions, social media do not act
against the positive reputation of brands. Interaction with customers
via social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter actually builds up
friendly attention, even affection, toward brands and stimulates cus-
tomers’ desire for luxury.
Luxury brands’ use of social media began to surge in 2009. Gucci
created a multicultural social network site, “Guccieyeweb.com,” as
Gucci launched a new sunglasses collection targeting digital genera-
tion customers. Gucci updates its Facebook site as often as three
times a day and is constantly tweeting on Twitter. Burberry launched
a social network site, “Artofthetrench.com,” in November 2009, with
the purpose being noncommercial: to elicit admiration for the design
of their trench coats and create Burberry fans while communicating
its culture with customers. Online sales increased after the site was
launched and the participation of customers online resulted in broad-
ened insights for Burberry as Burberry creates more stories of the
brand (Samsung Design Net, 2009).
Dolce & Gabbana uses social media in order to get direct feedback
from its customers. Dolce & Gabbana invites fashion bloggers to the
front seats of its fashion shows, and the bloggers instantly upload
feedback from the show on Facebook and Twitter. In that way, cus-
tomers get to see their favorite brand modeled directly without the
involvement of fashion editors or merchandisers, and the company
builds purchase intentions right away. Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Yves
Saint Laurent, and Stella McCartney now have Facebook as well as
Twitter accounts.
3. Customer equity and its drivers
The value a customer brings to a firm is not limited to the profit
from each transaction but is the total profit the customer may provide
over the duration of the relationship with the firm (Kumar & George,
2007). Thus, customers are seen as the intangible assets a firm should
wisely acquire, maintain, and maximize just like other financial assets
(Blattberg et al., 2001). Customer equity, usually defined as the dis-
counted sum of customer lifetime values, has been considered the
most determinant of the long-term values of the firm (Kim, Park,
Lee, Knight, Xu & Jeon, 2010; Lemon et al., 2001).
3.1. Drivers of customer equity
Lemon et al. (2001) defines three types of equity—value, brand,
and relationship—as key drivers of overall customer equity. First,
“value equity” is the customer’s objective assessment of the utility
of a brand, based on perceptions of what is given up for what is re-
ceived (Vogel et al., 2008). Three key influences on value equity are
quality, price, and convenience (Lemon et al., 2001).
Second, relationship equity expresses the tendency of customers to
stay in a relationship with a brand, going beyond objective and subjec-
tive assessments of it. Usually, loyalty programs under a firm’s control
may enhance relationship equity; however, loyalty toward a certain
brand grows weaker than yesterday as a variety of alternatives are of-
fered to customers. What is necessary is to build strong customer rela-
tionship through special treatment or recognition, and community
programs can be an efficient way to boost relationship equity.
Third, brand equity is a customer’s subjective and intangible as-
sessment of the brand over and above its value (Kim et al., 2008;
Lemon et al., 2001). Brands are the best at building images that
make customers identify that specialty from among others (Keller,
1998). The key actionable levers of brand equity are brand awareness,
attitude toward the brand, and corporate ethics (Lemon et al., 2001).
4. Purchase intention
Purchase intention is a combination of consumers’ interest in and
possibility of buying a product. As a result of many studies, it strongly
relates to attitude and preference toward a brand or a product (Kim,
Kim & Johnson, 2010; Kim & Ko, 2010b; Kim & Lee, 2009; Lloyd &
Luk, 2010) so that measuring purchase intention assumes consumers’
future behavior based on their attitudes. Purchase intention is an at-
titudinal variable for measuring customers’ future contributions to a
brand, whereas customer equity is a behavioral variable accounting
for actual purchasing record. As forecasting of consumers’ future be-
havior becomes a critical issue for a firm, that future behavior should
be estimated more punctually (Park, Ko & Kim, 2010).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/31714702_Customer_Equity_Building_and_Managing_Relationships_as_Valuable_Assets_RC_Blattberg_G_Getz_JS_Thomas?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-352b2d4c-9f28-4727-b1b1-0739cc611f14&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MTUxMTUzMDtBUzoxMDMyODY3NDA4ODE0MjBAMTQwMTYzNjg4Njg0OA==
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200772748_Social_Software-Status_Quo_und_Zukunft?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-352b2d4c-9f28-4727-b1b1-0739cc611f14&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MTUxMTUzMDtBUzoxMDMyODY3NDA4ODE0MjBAMTQwMTYzNjg4Njg0OA==
1482 A.J. Kim, E. Ko / Journal of Business Research 65 (2012) 1480–1486
5. Design of hypotheses
Initially, the purpose of marketing is to form a communication by
which a firm is able to inform customers of its products and services
and create interest in its offering. Marketing is a multidimensional
process made up of various strategies; however, a primary goal of
any marketing strategy is to increase sales and profitability. Accord-
ing to Srivastava et al. (1998) marketing is an investment that im-
proves customer equity drivers. As a brand’s engagement in social
media performs as a marketing activity to build a relationship with
customers and increase corporate profits, luxury brands’ social
media activity is expected to initiate positive influence on the drivers
of customer equity.
H1. Perceived social media marketing activities have positive effect
on value equity.
H2. Perceived social media marketing activities have positive effect
on relationship equity.
H3. Perceived social media marketing activities have positive effect
on brand equity.
In calculating customer equity, Rust et al. (2000) attempt to link
marketing input to customer reaction. Since examining customer eq-
uity drivers and developing the RLZ model incorporating a customer-
specific, brand-switching matrix, Rust et al. (2004) tested their previous
model in the airline industry and proved that value equity, relationship
equity, and brand equity are all related to customer equity. The same
model was also applied to measuring customer equity of fashion
brands in several studies (Ko & Oh, 2009; Ko & Lee, 2009; Yun & Ko,
2006; Zhang, Ko, & Kim, 2010). In order to identify constructs of each
customer equity driver and prove the RLZ model’s acceptance in the
luxury fashion industry, consider the following three hypotheses were
developed.
H4. Value equity relates positively to customer equity.
H5. Relationship equity relates positively to customer equity.
H6. Brand equity relates positively to customer equity.
In order to predict future customer behavior, ways of matching
their attitudes and actions seems necessary. As proven in many stud-
ies dealing with decision-making processes, attitude is the antecedent
of behavior. Thus, customer equity drivers are likely to have similar
influences on purchase intention as well. Therefore, this study (a)
compares and analyzes the effects of customer equity drivers on cus-
tomer equity and purchase intention, and (b) examines a path from
purchase intention and customer equity. Hence, the final hypotheses
are put forth as follows:
H7. Value equity relates positively to purchase intention.
H8. Relationship equity relates positively to purchase intention.
H9. Brand equity relates positively to purchase intention.
H10. Purchase intention relates positively to customer equity.
6. Method
6.1. Preliminary test
A preliminary test was completed to select a sample luxury brand.
Fifteen graduate students majoring in fashion marketing were asked
to list three luxury fashion brands that came to mind when thinking
of luxury. Louis Vuitton was mentioned most often. According to
Digital IQ Ranking developed by Scott Galloway, NYU Stern (L2
Think Tank, 2010), Louis Vuitton was ranked number one among lux-
ury fashion brands. Gucci, Burberry, and Dolce & Gabbana followed
after. Digital IQ of luxury brands were rated based upon four catego-
ries; (1) effectiveness of brand site, (2) marketing efforts and off-site
brand presence and visibility on search engines, (3) brand presence,
following, content, and influence on major social media platforms,
(4) compatibility and marketing on smart phones and other mobile
devices. Since Korean consumers have developed high brand aware-
ness of Louis Vuitton and the brand also shows high engagement in
SMM activities, Louis Vuitton was chosen to represent luxury brands
in this study.
6.2. Measures
SMM activities of luxury brands include introducing a brand’s
products, services, and a brand itself in a sincere manner and provid-
ing variety of services to consumers who engage in social media activ-
ities as means of marketing communications. This study measured
perceived activities and provided values on brand’s social media plat-
forms. 90% of luxury brands are on Facebook and 48% are on Twitter
as for 2010 (L2 L2 Think Tank, 2010). Since Facebook and Twitter
are most often used by luxury fashion brands as means of SMM, a vi-
sual stimulus expressing Louis Vuitton’s SMM activities on those sites
was employed in the measurements.
Twenty-five items for measuring perceived SMM activities were
gathered from previous studies on luxury brand’s social media mar-
keting, attributes of two-way communication media, influence of mo-
bile advertising, and characteristics of mobile fashion shopping
related researches and modified to fit for this research through pre-
test (Chung & Lee, 2008; Han & Shu, 2010; Kim, 2010; Kim &
Chung, 2009; Lee, 2007).
Twenty-two items were developed in accordance with Berry
(1995), Gagliano and Hathcote (1994), Rust et al. (2000), and
Wiedmann et al. (2009) to measure value equity. Constructs of
value equity measures included price, product quality, service quality,
convenience, and the tangible environment of the retailer, individual
value, and social value. Ten items to measure relationship equity were
developed from Hennig-Thurau et al. (2002) and Ju and Chung
(2002). Items assessed preferred treatment customer service, coinci-
dence of image with brand, and overall affection. Measures of brand
equity included brand awareness, perceived value, brand personality,
brand association, and perceived uniqueness aspects. Ten items to
measure brand equity were developed from Aaker (1991) and Yun
(2006).
Customer lifetime value of Louis Vuitton was estimated to repre-
sent customer equity as presented in Rust et al. (2004). Measures in-
clude number of expected purchases during the specified time period
(customer lifetime), purchase frequency in a unit time (one year),
discount rate, purchase volume, probability of purchasing that
brand over competitors (equal or fewer than four competitors), and
contribution margin. Brand’s discounted rate and contribution mar-
gin was cited from LVMH 2009 Annual Report (2010). Measures of
purchase intention were developed from the instrument used in
Park et al. (2007). All of the above measurement statements were
measured using five-point Likert-type Scales (1=Strongly disagree,
5=Strongly agree).
6.3. Sample and data collection
Convenience samples were drawn from the Seoul metropolitan
area via mall intercept method. Major luxury shopping districts in
Korea are formed around the Seoul area and consumers living there
tend to be more conscious of purchasing luxury brands and to have
comparably high purchasing power for luxury fashion goods. Since
this study focuses on luxury brand’s SMM, respondents were
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/31857991_Driving_Customer_Equity_How_Customer_Lifetime_Value_Is_Reshaping_Corporate_Strategy_RT_Rust_VA_Zeithaml_KN_Lemon?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-352b2d4c-9f28-4727-b1b1-0739cc611f14&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MTUxMTUzMDtBUzoxMDMyODY3NDA4ODE0MjBAMTQwMTYzNjg4Njg0OA==
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248764523_Return_on_Marketing_Using_Customer_Equity_To_Focus_Marketing_Strategy?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-352b2d4c-9f28-4727-b1b1-0739cc611f14&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MTUxMTUzMDtBUzoxMDMyODY3NDA4ODE0MjBAMTQwMTYzNjg4Njg0OA==
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238264546_Market-Based_Assets_and_Shareholder_Value_A_Framework_for_Analysis?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-352b2d4c-9f28-4727-b1b1-0739cc611f14&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MTUxMTUzMDtBUzoxMDMyODY3NDA4ODE0MjBAMTQwMTYzNjg4Njg0OA==
1483A.J. Kim, E. Ko / Journal of Business Research 65 (2012) 1480–1486
restricted to consumers who had purchased any luxury fashion item
within the previous two years and who had previous experience
with Louis Vuitton’s social media sites. Data were collected from sur-
vey questionnaires from May 10 to 25, 2010. From among the 400
survey questionnaires distributed, 362 were finally analyzed after ex-
cluding incomplete responses.
6.4. Data analysis
In order to achieve the purpose of this study and to test hypothe-
ses, the SPSS 17.0 and AMOS 18 statistics package programs were
used. With SPSS 17.0, descriptive analysis was adopted to analyze
the results of the preliminary test and to find out demographic char-
acteristics of the sample. Also, Cronbach’s α was adopted to test reli-
ability. Using AMOS 18.0, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted
to prove the validity of each instrument, while structural equation
modeling was used to test hypotheses.
7. Findings
7.1. Demographic analysis
Among a total of 362 luxury consumers, most of the respondents
were female (79.3%), 58% were in their twenties, and 22.9% were in
their thirties (consumers in their forties and fifties took up almost
9% each). With regard to education, 44.2% had a graduate degree,
38.1% had a college degree, and 17.7% were currently in college. Over-
all, the sample showed very high status in education. Regarding aver-
age household income levels, 23.3% of incomes were between
12 million and 15 million KRW, whereas 22.1% earned between 9 mil-
lion and 12 million KRW. The total percentage of respondents whose
income was over 9,000,000 KRW (a high income level) was 61%. This
result was an expected outcome since the study sample represented
luxury consumers with high purchasing power. Because this study
deals with luxury fashion brands, respondents’ luxury purchasing be-
havior was asked as well, indicating that 31.5% spend between 1 mil-
lion and 3 million KRW per year and 23.8% between 3 million and
5 million KRW. High-volume consumers who spend more than an av-
erage of 5 million KRW were summed up to 24.6%, while those at the
minimum level of luxury purchasing (b1 million KRW) comprised
20.2%. Except for this latter group, nearly 80% of the sample was
real consumers of luxury fashion brands entailing a certain amount
of monetary contribution. Table 1 summarizes the demographic char-
acteristics of the sample.
As for customer lifetime value (CLV) across samples, those less
than 50,000 KRW represented 64.1% of the sample, 50,000 to
100,000 KRW made up 10.2%, and 100,000 to 500,000 KRW repre-
sented the second most at 22.9%. Those with CLV of more than
500,000 KRW totaled 2.7%.
Table 1
Confirmatory factor analysis of perceived social media marketing activities.
Construct Items
Entertainment Using LV’s social media is fun.
Contents shown in LV’s social media seem interesting.
Interaction LV’s social media enables information sharing with others.
Conversation or opinion exchange with others is possible through
It is easy to deliver my opinion through LV’s social media.
Trendiness Contents shown in LV’s social media is the newest information.
Using LV’s social media is very trendy.
Customization LV’s social media offers customized information search.
LV’s social media provides customized service.
Word of mouth I would like to pass along information on brand, product, or servic
I would like to upload contents from LV’s social media on my blog
Model fit: χ2=138.5, df=34, p=.000
AGFI=.88, GFI=.93, NFI=.94, IFI=.96, CFI=.95, RMSEA=.05
7.2. Constructs of perceived social media marketing activities
In advance of investigating the influence of SMM activities on cus-
tomer equity drivers, the constructs of those activities perceived by
consumers were revealed. Since dimensions of SMM activities were
not clearly distinctive as a result of exploratory factor analysis, confir-
matory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted. Cronbach’s α of con-
structs was measured to prove internal consistency of each variable.
First, a model to test the validity of the activities resulted in a satisfac-
tory fit with the data: χ2=138.5, df=34, p=.000, AGFI=.88,
GFI=.93, NFI=.94, IFI=.96, CFI=.95, RMSEA=.05. The five con-
structs of SMM activities were then verified; see Table 1.
The first construct related to having fun using Louis Vuitton’s so-
cial media; thus, it was defined as “Entertainment.” Factor loading
of each item was .95 and .92, with a high Cronbach’s α of .94. The sec-
ond construct related to items representing interaction among other
users accompanied by the use of Louis Vuitton’s social media. This
factor was named “Interaction” because items included information
sharing and opinion exchange attributes. Factor loadings ranged
from .68 to .92, with a Cronbach’s α of .87.
The third construct represented fashion-forward characteristics of
Louis Vuitton’s social media by including items that explained trend-
iness and newness. Therefore, the third factor is “Trendiness.” Factor
loadings and Cronbach’s α were qualified. Construct 4 represents cus-
tomized property of social media, involving customized information
and way of information searching. This factor is “Customized” and
factor loadings were .91 and .83, with Cronbach’s α of two items at
.86. The last construct included customer’s intention to pass along in-
formation seen in Louis Vuitton’s social media, and is “Word of
Mouth.” Factor loadings and Cronbach’s α were qualified. A standard-
ized factor loading of every item in the model was at a significant
level (pb .001).
Result indicates that a luxury brand’s marketing activity using so-
cial media platforms entertains customers by offering a variety of free
contents as well as social network activity, and enables customized
information searching. Activities on the brand’s social media plat-
forms create interaction among users that can lead to word-of-
mouth effects and include fashion and trend attributes. In contrast
to existing marketing activities that appeal directly to the value of ac-
tual products or services, a luxury fashion brand’s SMM activities
focus more on hedonic and empirical values that can be reached by
indirect brand experience.
7.3. Measurement model
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the whole set of constructs
in the structural equation model was conducted to test for convergent
factor validity of the conceptual model and Cronbach’s α was applied
to test the reliability of each construct. The CFA model includes social
media marketing activities, value equity, relationship equity, brand
Factor loading
Cronbach’s α
.95 .94
.92
.92 .87
LV’s social media. .90
.68
.93 .83
.75
.91 .86
.83
es from LV’s social media to my friends. .72 .70
or micro blog. .75
Table 3
Correlation matrix among each constructs.
Constructs 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean S.D.
1 SMM 1.00 3.19 .76
2 Value equity .37⁎⁎ 1.00 2.68 .81
3 Relationship equity .28⁎⁎ .70⁎⁎ 1.00 2.43 .81
4 Brand equity .41⁎⁎ .50⁎⁎ .53⁎⁎ 1.00 3.09 .80
5 Purchase intention .48⁎⁎ .53⁎⁎ .54⁎⁎ .65⁎⁎ 1.00 3.07 .92
6 Customer equity .18⁎⁎ .43⁎⁎ .36⁎⁎ .31⁎⁎ .51⁎⁎ 1.00 5.27 1.16
⁎⁎ pb .01.
1484 A.J. Kim, E. Ko / Journal of Business Research 65 (2012) 1480–1486
equity and purchase intention, and customer equity is excluded in the
analysis since it is measured in customer lifetime value as a ratio var-
iable. The means of measured variables of each latent constructs from
the results of previous CFA were calculated to represent respective la-
tent constructs which became measured variables (items) of CFA on
measurement model. The latent constructs were correlated, whereas
the measurement items and their error items were constrained to be
uncorrelated. After dropping some items that possessed low factor
loadings, validity of constructs was assessed by estimating the confir-
matory measurement model.
As a result, Trendiness and Customization constructs of SMM were
removed from the model. The model resulted in satisfactory fit to the
data: χ2=161.3, df=34, p=.000, AGFI=.85, GFI=.92, NFI=.92,
IFI=.93, CFI=.93, RMSEA=.05. All variables demonstrate adequate
construct reliability (Cronbach’s α>.7); see Table 2.
Followed by CFA of model constructs, Pearson correlation analysis
was examined to verify discriminant validity among all the variables
in the conceptual model. See Table 3 for findings.
7.4. Structural model
The conceptual model was tested according to Anderson and
Gerbing (1988). With the results of the CFA in the prior section, the
model was tested by standardized coefficients and other fit statistics.
Fig. 1 shows the findings.
Overall model fit was satisfactory. The chi-square statistic
(χ2=183.5, df=43) was at a significant level (p=.000), and the fit
indices were within accepted standards (RMR=.04, NFI=.91,
IFI=.93, CFI=.93, GFI=.92, RMSEA=.05).
After the overall model fit was approved, hypotheses were tested
via structural equation modeling. With regard to the three paths be-
tween SMM activities and customer equity drivers (H1–H3), the esti-
mation results showed that every path was significant at the p=.000
level. SMM activities had positive effects in value equity (β=.19,
t=3.75), relationship equity (β=.36, t=5.40), and brand equity
(β=.36, t=5.91). To restate, the entertainment, interaction, and
word-of-mouth effects of SMM activities work positively in enhanc-
ing customer equity drivers.
With regard to the relationship between the customer equity
drivers and customer equity (H4–H6), only one path was significant
at the level of pb.05. Unlike previous studies, value equity and rela-
tionship equity had no significant effect on customer equity, while
brand equity had a negative influence (β=−.45, t=−2.53). The re-
sult for H6 was supposed to be a consequence followed by character-
istics of a sample brand used in this study. As Louis Vuitton becomes
popular among Korean consumers and counterfeits of its products
sweep through the market, the unique and distinctive elements that
Table 2
Validity and reliability test for structural equation model.
Construct Items Factor
loading
Cronbach’s α
Social media marketing
activities
Entertainment .76 .77
Interaction .66
Word of mouth .75
Value equity Product/service quality .90 .77
Social value .71
Relationship equity Affinity .84 .81
Special treatment .80
Brand equity Uniqueness .84 .78
Distinctiveness .75
Purchase intention I would like to purchase LV .83 .80
I would like to recommend
LV to others
.79
Model FIT: χ2=161.3, df=34, p=.000
AGFI=.85, GFI=.92, NFI=.92, IFI=.93, CFI=.93, RMSEA=.05
form the Louis Vuitton brand equity somewhat degrade the scarcity
value of the brand, resulting in a negative effect on customer equity.
In regard to the relationship between the three customer equity
drivers and customer equity, the study evaluates the drivers’ influ-
ences on purchase intention (H7–H9). The estimation results show
that value equity (β=.47, t=3.47) and brand equity (β=.66,
t=7.73) had positive effects on purchase intention at a significant
level of p=.000. However, relationship equity did not have a signifi-
cant influence on purchase intention. Purchase intention likely will
improve by SMM activities through value equity and brand equity.
A possible explanation for this non significant effect of relationship
equity on customer equity and purchase intention is that relationship
equity can be formed by a long-term relationship between a brand
and a customer; thus, insofar as the respective sample were not
loyal customers of Louis Vuitton, measuring relationship equity be-
came difficult.
Finally, a path between purchase intention and customer equity
(H10) was significant at the level of p=.000 (β=.83, t=4.13).
Since a path from purchase intention to customer equity is significant,
SMM activities of luxury fashion brands could consequently influence
customer equity through the effects of value equity and brand equity
on purchase intention.
8. Conclusions and implications
The study presents here examines the effects of the social media
marketing activities of luxury fashion brands on customer equity
and purchase intention. SMM activities perceived by consumers
were significantly efficacious to luxury fashion brands’ future profits.
The findings of the study support the following conclusions.
First, SMM marketing activities of luxury fashion brands comprise
five constructs; entertainment, interaction, trendiness, customization,
and word of mouth. The brands’ SMM activities perceived by con-
sumers include distinctive values compared to old-fashioned market-
ing performances.
Second, SSM activities perceived by customers are influential to all
customer equity drivers. Since these activities for luxury fashion
brands act affirmatively toward all drivers, they are fairly effective.
As an integrated marketing medium, SSM activities effectively en-
hance value equity by providing novel value to customers that tradi-
tional marketing media do not usually provide. The brand’s social
media platforms offers venues for customers to engage in sincere
and friendly communications with the brand and other users, so the
brand’s intended actions on the social communication scene were
positively affecting relationship equity and brand equity as well.
As the main purpose of marketing communication is to improve
customer equity drivers by strengthening customer relationship and
creating purchase intent, SMM activities contribute as effective mar-
keting communication methods. With the growing interest of luxury
fashion brands in providing luxurious values to customers in every
way possible, using social media for marketing appears to be an ap-
propriate medium to attract luxury consumers at the moment. As
so, more luxury brands should engage in social media activities to
*** p < .001
χ2 = 183.5, df = 43, p = .000
RMR = .04, NFI =.91, IFI = .93, CFI = .93, GFI = .92, RMSEA = .05
Fig. 1. Results of structural equation model.
1485A.J. Kim, E. Ko / Journal of Business Research 65 (2012) 1480–1486
anticipate positive contributions to brands by providing new luxury
values to customers.
Third, unlike findings in prior studies, the three customer equity
drivers show no positive influence on customer equity in the case of
a luxury fashion brand. In fact, brand equity has a negative influence
in the present study. Possible reasons for the results are as follows.
First, in the process of measuring the customer equity of the sample
luxury brand, future purchasing behavior toward a certain brand
was collected from general luxury customers whose customer life-
time value for the measured brand was not comparably high.
Second, due to increased competition among luxury fashion
brands, it has become more difficult to sustain customer loyalty to-
ward a specific brand and other factors might have been affecting
customer equity more than the three drivers examined in this study
are hardly controlled by brands over time. The findings of this study
not only draw attention to defining customer equity drivers of luxury
fashion brands, they also indicate the great difficulty in measuring
customers’ future behavior. As competition among luxury fashion
brands becomes more intensive from providing plenty of alternatives
to customers, the prosperity of the brands no longer seems promising.
The importance of managing customers as brands’ valuable assets
cannot be emphasized more.
In comparing the influence of three customer equity drivers on
purchase intention, value equity, and brand equity, this study found
significant positive impacts. The Korean luxury fashion industry is
barely into its mature stage, and Korean customers tend to be
trend-sensitive cross-shoppers with shallow loyalty toward specific
brands. Restating that, Korean luxury consumers hardly can develop
relationship equity toward a luxury fashion brand. For now, brand
and value equity are more influential to luxury fashion brands’ per-
formance than relationship equity.
Finally, concerning the relationship between purchase intention
and customer equity, which can be redefined as a short-term attitudi-
nal variable and a long-term behavioral variable, the two factors
connect each other highly. Luxury fashion brands should continuous-
ly invest their efforts to improve value equity and brand equity be-
cause both equities affect purchase intention. As SMM activities
influence these factors, taking social media marketing into account
can be a possible solution.
This study had some difficulties in locating the effects of SMM ac-
tivities on a brand’s customer equity. However, the study should be
counted meaningful in that it has defined attributes of a newly intro-
duced manner of marketing communication and evaluated its effects
in its introductory stage.
9. Limitations and future research
The limitations and future research directions are as follows. First,
as an initial effort to evaluate effect of social media marketing, a visual
stimulus used to measure attributes of social media marketing activ-
ities face difficulties in controlling possible error. Due to a reason
mentioned above, limitation follows in generalizing the result of the
study. Future study should develop effective instrument to measure
social media marketing more appropriately.
Second, the study questions prior findings on the relationship
among customer equity drivers and customer equity in the case of
luxury fashion brand. As three equity drivers have no significant ef-
fects on luxury brand’s customer equity, studies to figure out relevant
factors affecting customer equity of luxury brands seem necessary in
order to provide practical information on managing and enhancing
their important asset. Plus, worth of customer lifetime value that
this study calculates was quite low considering price of luxury fashion
goods. With necessity of defining factors driving customer equity of
luxury fashion brands pointed out, an accurate equation to measure
customer lifetime value of luxury fashion brands is necessary.
Lastly, empirical findings on this study from samples of Korean
luxury consumers who are innovative in use of technology and fans
of luxury brands. However, western consumers mostly use luxury
1486 A.J. Kim, E. Ko / Journal of Business Research 65 (2012) 1480–1486
brand’s social media due to the challenges in language. Even though
Korea is a test market for luxury in Asian market, replicating this
study’s findings with additional samples consumers of luxury brands
is necessary.
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