APPLIED STATISTICS

BIOSTATISTICS

Given the extensive circulation of disinformation about COV

ID

-19 in the media, it is crucial for public health authorities and politicians in the United States to build strategic messaging and interventions to teach the public about COVID-19 prevention, recovery, and vaccine. Immunization systems can only be competitive if they have high adoption and coverage rates.

You aim to examine the emerging vaccination adoption environment as the lead investigator and share the results with public health experts and lay audiences.

Complete the asked tasks using the data and codebook provided.

Education

0=Yes
1=No

Variable	Label	Values
ID	Participant ID	Case number
Vaccine	Acceptance of any COVID-19 vaccine		0=Yes 1=No
	Education	1=No high school 2=High school 3=Some college 4=College 5=Graduate/Professional
Gender	Sex	1=Male 2=Female
Employment	Are you currently employed?
Age	How old are you?	1=18-24 2=25-34 3=35-44 4=45-54 5=55+

i. Suppose that you are interested in examining differences in demographic factors and attitude toward the acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Your research team has surveyed to determine if there is an association between gender and willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Analyze the data using any statistical software of your choice. (Note: significance level = 0.05)

a. Report and interpret your statistical results, as well as create tables/figures in accordance with the APA guideline for professional audiences. (Note: Your report MUST contain indications of proper assumption tests for the proposed analysis, describe relevant results of descriptive statistics, and discuss conclusions from inferential statistics.)

ii. Suppose that you are interested in investigating differences in socioeconomic factors and attitudes toward the acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Your research team has conducted a survey to determine if there is an association between employment status and willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Analyze the data using any statistical software of your choice. (Note: significance level = 0.05)

a. Report and interpret your statistical results, as well as create tables/figures in accordance with the APA guideline for professional audiences. (Note: Your report MUST contain indications of proper assumption tests for the proposed analysis, describe relevant results of descriptive statistics, and discuss conclusions from inferential statistics.)

iii. Overall, based upon the findings above, how do you present your findings to lay audiences (including policy-makers)?

a. Present and discuss your analytical results and potential impact for the lay audiences and health policy-makers (with the supportive arguments from the scientific evidence based on the peer-reviewed literature).

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ID	Education	Gender	Vaccine	Employment	Age
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EXAMPLE ON HOW TO INTERPRET RESULTS

Question 1: Based upon the data provided for this week, is there an association between gender and fear of falling?

a. Report and interpret your statistical results, as well as create tables/figures in accordance with the APA guideline for the professional audience.

A Chi-Square test of association was conducted to determine if there was a relationship between gender and fear of falling. The null hypothesis is there is no relationship between gender and fear of falling. The alternative hypothesis is there is a relationship between gender and fear of falling. The independent variable is gender. The dependent variable, fear of falling, was measured as a categorical response, specifically “yes” or “no”.

No

cells have expected counts of less than five. Since both variables are categorical data and cell counts meet minimum values, the Chi-Square test of association was met. Table 1 displays the descriptive statistics and Chi-Square results. Of the 900 participants, 799 answered the question, “Are you afraid of falling?” by responding yes or no. Of the799 participants, only 63 males (15.8%) and 143 females (35.8%) report they are afraid of falling. The remaining 336 males (84.2%) and 257 females (64.3%) report they are not afraid of falling. The Pearson Chi-square results indicated that there was a significant association between gender and fear of falling,

χ2

(1) = 41.59, p < .001. Therefore, the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between gender and fear of falling was rejected.

(
1

|
MPH
503 SPSS 7
)

Table 1. Chi-Square Test Results and Descriptive Statistics for Fear of Falling by Gender
Fear of Falling n (%)
Gender	Yes	No	χ2
Male	63 (15.8%)	336 (84.2%)	41.59***
Female	143 (35.8%)	257 (64.3%)

*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001

b. Also, briefly address the results and their impacts written for a lay audience.

The results provide evidence to support that gender may be related to fear of falling. To clarify if there is a casual relationship, further research using more rigorous analytical methods to find out the underlying reasons for gender related fear of falling is needed.

Appendix (SPSS output)