American History #5

Hoover’s presidency will be forever shadowed by the Great Depression.  Is it fair to blame Hoover’s actions or inaction for the Great Depression? 

Students must respond to at least one fellow student’s posting explaining the reason(s) for their agreement or disagreement, with the arguments that have been presented.

STUDENT FEEDBACK WILL BE PROVIDE IN CHAT ONCE I RECEIVE THE ANSWER FROM THE QUESTION THAT’S POSTED.

I WILL ALSO PROVIDE LINKS TO COMPLETE QUESTION IN CHAT.

 

Discussion #8:

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U.S. A NARRATIVE HISTORY, SEVENTH EDITION
DAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE • STOFF

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“The Great Depression of the 1

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0s was the
longest in the history of the nation; it forced
virtually all Americans to live leaner lives….
“Roosevelt’s New Deal attacked the Great
Depression along three broad fronts: recovery for
the economy, relief for the needy, and reforms to
ward off future depressions. The New Deal failed
to achieve full recovery but did result in lasting
changes.”

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The Human Impact of the Great Depression
The Tragedy of Herbert Hoover
The Early New Deal (

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33–1935)
A Second New Deal (1935–193

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)
The New Deal and the American People
The End of the New Deal (193

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–19

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Hard Times
• Subsistence incomes
• Marriage and family

 Marriages and births plummeted
 Couples married later; divorce declined, but desertions

increased
• Psychological impact

 Humiliation and fear: an “invisible scar”

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• The Golden Age of Radio and Film
• Programming helped change national habits
• Radio’s unifying effect
• Mass media at home and abroad

• Legion of Decency (1933)

• “Dirty Thirties”: An Ecological Disaster
• Dust Bowl
• Effect of commercial farming

• “Okie” migration to California portrayed in John
Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath (1939)

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Mexican Americans and Repatriation
• César Chávez
• Repatriation
• LULAC and ethnic identity

African Americans in the Depression
• Father Divine and Elijah Muhammad
• Scottsboro Boys

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The Failure of Relief
• Private charity dwindled

 Ethnic charities tried to help their own
• City services

 TERA: Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (1931)

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“By the winter of 1931–1932 the picture was bleak:

relief organizations with too little money and too few

resources to make much headway against the

Depression.”

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• The Hoover Depression Program
• Convinced private organizations and businesses to donate
• Program failures

• Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)
• Reconstruction Finance Corporation
• Emergency Relief and Construction Act

• Stirrings of Discontent
• 1932: Wisconsin dairy farmers; striking miners in Illinois; march

on Ford plant
• Communist Party

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• The Bonus Army
• Wanted to cash in bonus certificates received from Congress in

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• Hoover called U.S. Army to remove protestors—many

wounded veterans

• The Election of 1932
• Republicans supported Hoover
• Democrats nominated Franklin D. Roosevelt
• New Democratic coalition victorious

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• The Democratic Roosevelts
• Belt-tightening at the White House
• Polio
• Importance of Eleanor “Rover” Roosevelt

• Saving the Banks
• Brains Trust
• Emergency Banking Act

• Extended federal assistance to banks
• Roosevelt’s “fireside chat” radio broadcasts

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

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Relief for the Unemployed
• Home Owners’ Loan Act
• Federal Emergency Relief Administration
• Work Relief

 The Civil Works Administration (CWA)
 The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

• Tennessee Valley Authority

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• Planning for Industrial Recovery
• National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
• Public Works Administration
• National Recovery Administration
• Schechter decision

• 1935; struck down the NRA

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Planning for Agriculture
• Agricultural Adjustment Administration

 Commodity Credit Corporation
 Butler v. U.S. (1936) voided Agricultural Adjustment Act
 Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act (1936)
 Farm Credit Administration

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“Like planning for industry, New Deal planning for

agriculture relied on private interests—the farmers—

to act as the principal planners.”

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Dissent from the Deal
• American Liberty League
• “End Poverty in California” (EPIC)

 Upton Sinclair
• Huey Long

 “Share Our Wealth”
• Charles Coughlin
• Francis Townsend

 Old Age Revolving Pensions, Limited, 1934

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• The Second Hundred Days
• Works Progress Administration
• Social Security Act
• National Labor Relations Act

• The Election of 1936
• Roosevelt turned the election into a contest between haves

and have-nots
• Roosevelt coalition

• Traditional Democratic support in South; big cities,
particularly ethnics and African Americans; labor

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• Rural Electrification Administration

The New Deal and Western Water
• Water management programs extended federal power

 Hoover Dam and others
 All-American Canal

The Limited Reach of the New Deal
• African Americans
• Mexican Americans

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• Tribal Rights
• New Deal renewed federal interest in plight of Indians
• John Collier’s Indian Reorganization Act

• A New Deal for Women
• A network of activists
• Women’s Division of the Democratic National Committee
• New Dealers emphasize aid over employment

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The Rise of Organized Labor
• CAWIU farm strike
• Congress of Industrial Organizations

 John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers (UMW)
 Biggest strikes in the automobile industry

• Union gains

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“Art for the Millions”
• Federal One

 Employed writers, musicians, painters, actors, and
photographers

• Federal Writers Project (FWP); Federal Music Project (FMP);
Federal Art Project (FAP)

• Rivera and Orozco
 Murals stressed enduring qualities of American life

• Federal Theater Project (FTP)
• Documentary realism

 Used as both propaganda and art

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• Packing the Courts
• Roosevelt complained that the Supreme Court had created a

“no-man’s land”
• Roosevelt’s plan to change the stance of the Court

• The Court reverses direction

• The Demise of the Deal
• Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau
• Economist John Maynard Keynes
• The Depression abroad
• The “Roosevelt recession”

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• The Legacy of the New Deal
• Lasted five years, 1933–1938, and left a legacy of change
• FDR modernized the presidency and increased the power of

the federal government
• The many New Deal programs formed the outlines of the new

welfare state

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