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Page 3 of 12

UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL LANCASHIRE

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

RESIT COURSE WORK

MODULE CODE: MP4702

MODULE TITLE: ADVANCED MATERIALS AND MATERIALS

SELECTION

MODULE TUTOR: Dr. ARUN NATARAJAN

SEMESTER 2, 2020 – 2021

Time Allowed: STUDENTS SHOULD NOT SPEND MORE THAN

THIRTY HOURS ON THIS COURSE WORK

Page 4 of 12

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:

VALUE

This assignment constitutes 30% of the grade for this module.

SUBMISSION DATE AND TIME:

14th April 2021 – 18:00 or any time before.

INSTRUCTIONS

1. The coursework should be your own work and should be properly type-written in your own

words. Marks will be reduced for the typo-errors and missing units. The assignment will be

checked for plagiarism using TURN-IT-IN software. Any plagiarism or copying from

others will be dealt through the university’s plagiarism procedures.

Similarity (plagiarism) level higher than 10% is highly suspicious.

2. The assignment is divided into two sections, Section A and Section B. Section A and

Section B constitutes equal weightage (50%) of the total marks with no choices. Answer

all parts of the questions from each section. The whole report should be 1500 words plus

any relevant material (figures, calculations, tables, etc.,). Any references to materials should

be given in standard Harvard or Vancouver form.

3. Your assignment must be submitted electronically via blackboard by the submission time

or before. The report should be contained in a Word document or pdf document. No other

means of submission will be accepted.

4. Drawings can be done by hand or electronically but at the same time students are not

allowed to copy paste the images from different e-resources directly. They can either be

scanned / copied into your Word or pdf document.

5. Any assignment submitted late, but within 5 working days of the deadline, will be given a

maximum mark of 50%. Assignments submitted more than 5 working days after the

deadline will not be marked, and a mark of 0% will be recorded.

6. Students with special needs will be addressed on individual basis.

(Candidates that may require any special requirement will be dealt with on a one-on-one

basis which must be discussed with the module tutor/lead before the due date).

Page 5 of 12

Learning Outcome to be assessed:

1. Able to communicate effectively on material selection with material scientists

2. Able to understand the implications of different modes of material failure

3. To understand the effects of composition and heat treatment on the properties of

different types of material

4. To select materials to minimise the likelihood of component failure

Page 6 of 12

2020/2021 MODULE CODE: MP 4702

ADVANCED MATERIALS AND MATERIALS SELECTION

RESIT COURSE WORK – SEMESTER 2

REG / ID NUMBER:

DATE:

By submitting electronically, I confirm that this piece of submitted work is all my own work

(unless indicated otherwise within the assignment) and that all references and quotations from

both primary and secondary sources have been fully identified and properly acknowledged in

the body of the writing, with full references at the end.

Page 7 of 12

RESIT COURSEWORK BRIEF

SECTION A

(This section weighs 50 % of the total marks)

The entire world is moving towards the renewable energy and one type of renewable energy is

use of solar technology. As a material scientist in the solar company it is important for you to

know the basics of how solar power works and installation procedure. This piece of information

is important to be known by all the material scientists to make a right decision of the material

selection for the solar panel application. A typical residential or light commercial solar power

system consists of the photovoltaic cells, inverter, mounting hardware and data acquisition

system. Figure 1 shows the photographic image of the solar panel mounted on a single pole.

Figure 1: Solar panel mounted on a single pole

ASSIGNMENT BRIEF FOR SECTION A:

You have been asked to design the structure of a solar panel and a pole (mounting for the solar

panel) for power transmission. The designed material needs to be light, strong, stiff and as cheap

as possible. The cross section of the PANEL is specified as rectangular cross-section with b

as breadth and h as height of the panel. The cross section of the POLE is specified as a

COLUMN of circular cross-section, d. The designed panel and column have a length, L.

Write down an equation for the material cost of the panel and column in terms of its dimensions,

the price per kg of the material, Cm, and the material density, ρ.

Provide a detailed, professional report that contains the following items mentioned below:

Page 8 of 12

1. Definition and translation of the problem.

Hint 1: You have to document the whole selection process.

Hint 2: The dimensions of the panel and column are not given. You can decide your own realistic

dimensions and the constraints for both the panel and

column.

Hint 3: You will need to decide extra constraints and find out the equations for a panel and a

column.

Hint 4: You will need to decide your objective and to compare the results with real world

materials.

Hint 5: You will need to provide a clear definition of the problem and write down the necessary

equations used in the problem.

Hint 6: You will need to translate the problem based of the definition and equation provided in

the previous steps.

2. Derive the performance index or indexes.

3. Use GRANTA EduPack to select some screening constraint and select the actual material

graphically.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

1 Definition of the problem 8 marks (4* + 4**)

2 Translation of the problem 8 marks (4* + 4**)

3 Derive the performance and material indices 20 marks (10* + 10**)

4 Selection of the material graphically using GRANTA

EduPack 2020

14 marks (7* + 7**)

Note: * QUESTION A1 – Solar Panel;

** QUESTION A2 – Column

Reminder, as it is an open exercise, each student is expected to have a unique solution as

definition of the problem will be unique.

(Total: 50 marks)

Page 9 of 12

SECTION B

(This section weighs 50 % of the total marks)

Jet engines are combustion engines and it is a type of reaction engine discharging a fast-moving

jet that generates thrust by jet propulsion. While this broad definition can include rocket, water

jet, and hybrid propulsion, the term jet engine typically refers to an airbreathing jet engine such

as a turbojet, turbofan, ramjet, or pulse jet. Airbreathing jet engines typically feature a rotating

air compressor powered by a turbine, with the leftover power providing thrust through the

propelling nozzle – this process is known as the Brayton thermodynamic cycle. Jet aircraft use

such engines for long-distance travel. Early jet aircraft used turbojet engines that were relatively

inefficient for subsonic flight. Most modern subsonic jet aircraft use more complex high-bypass

turbofan engines. They give higher speed and greater fuel efficiency than piston and propeller

aeroengines over long distances. A few air-breathing engines made for high speed applications

(ramjets and scramjets) use the ram effect of the vehicle’s speed instead of a mechanical

compressor. The thrust of a typical jet liner engine went from 22,000 N (de Havilland Ghost

turbojet) in the 1950s to 510,000 N (General Electric GE90 turbofan) in the 1990s, and their

reliability went from 40 in-flight shutdowns per 100,000 engine flight hours to less than 1 per

100,000 in the late 1990s. This, combined with greatly decreased fuel consumption, permitted

routine transatlantic flight by twin-engine airliners by the turn of the century, where previously

a similar journey would have required multiple fuel stops.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LolwC_Bytz0

https://www.aviationpros.com/home/article/10387461/corrosion-how-does-it-affect-the-

internal-engine

https://www.intechopen.com/books/gas-turbines-materials-modeling-and-

performance/the-importance-of-hot-corrosion-and-its-effective-prevention-for-

enhanced-efficiency-of-gas-turbines

QUESTION B1

(a) Draw the Time Temperature Transformation T-T-T diagram for nickel-based superalloy

(Inconel 718) used in jet engines and show on the diagram the critical cooling curve, the

transformation lines, the phases, the axis.

https://www.aviationpros.com/home/article/10387461/corrosion-how-does-it-affect-the-internal-engine

https://www.aviationpros.com/home/article/10387461/corrosion-how-does-it-affect-the-internal-engine

https://www.intechopen.com/books/gas-turbines-materials-modeling-and-performance/the-importance-of-hot-corrosion-and-its-effective-prevention-for-enhanced-efficiency-of-gas-turbines

https://www.intechopen.com/books/gas-turbines-materials-modeling-and-performance/the-importance-of-hot-corrosion-and-its-effective-prevention-for-enhanced-efficiency-of-gas-turbines

https://www.intechopen.com/books/gas-turbines-materials-modeling-and-performance/the-importance-of-hot-corrosion-and-its-effective-prevention-for-enhanced-efficiency-of-gas-turbines

Page 10 of 12

(6 marks)

(b) Explain the change of structure with martensitic transformation in steels used in jet engines.

(4 marks)

(c) With help of a phase diagram illustrate the various phase transformation occurring in the

commercial titanium alloys (Ti – 6Al – 4V) used in the jet engines.

(6 marks)

(d) With help of a phase diagram discuss the following phase transformation reaction occurring

in the commercial Titanium alloys (Ti – 6Al – 4V) used in the jet engines

(i) Peritectic reaction and Peritectic point

(ii) Peritectoid reaction and Peritectoid point

(4 marks)

(Total: 20 marks)

QUESTION B2

Using suitable industrial examples, explain creep and oxidation of nickel based super alloys

used in jet engines at high temperatures. Discuss three strategies to reduce creep and three

strategies to reduce oxidation in jet engines at high temperatures.

(10 marks)

QUESTION B3

An aluminium alloy for an airframe component used in jet planes were tested in the laboratory

under an applied stress which varied sinusoidally with time about a mean stress of zero. The

alloy failed under a stress range Δσ of 300 MPa after 105 cycles. Under a stress range of

220 MPa, the alloy failed after 108 cycles. Assume that the fatigue behaviour of the alloy can

be represented by

∆𝜎𝜎 𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓
𝑏𝑏 = 𝐶𝐶

where b and C are material constants.

Page 11 of 12

(a) Find the number of cycles to failure for a component subject to a stress range of

200 MPa.

(6 marks)

(b) A jet plane using the airframe components has encountered an estimated 3.2 ×108 cycles

at a stress range of 200 MPa. It is desired to extend the life of the airframe by another

4.5 ×108 cycles by reducing the performance of the aircraft. Use Miner’s rule to find the

decrease/increase in the stress range needed to achieve this additional life.

(4 marks)

(Total: 10 marks)

QUESTION B4

A jet engine spline coupling made up of high strength steel, is subjected to axial load, bending

moment and torque during the flight take-off and landing. The spline coupling is tested under

the laboratory using the scaled spline testing simulating the real operating conditions. The initial

axial load applied was 55 kN, alternating bending moment was ± 650 Nm and a torque of 15

kNm. The specimen is subjected to fatigue loading until failure. The test is performed under a

tension – tension cycle with a stress ratio of 0.1. The yield strength of the material is 1350 MPa.

(a) Calculate the initial stresses applied on the sample.

(Hint: Use the equation of the maximum principal stresses and shear stresses for a bi-axial

loading condition).

(4 marks)

(b) After 90,000 cycles the crack propagation is faster and leads to final fracture.

Explain with help of a simple sketch, the various regions of fatigue crack growth

and microstructural variation seen in the jet engine spline coupling during the fatigue

crack growth testing.

(6 marks)

(Total: 10 marks)

Page 12 of 12

REFERENCES

1. M. F. Ashby, D. R. H. Jones, Engineering Materials 1: An Introduction to Properties,

Applications and Design, Butterworth-Heinmann 4th edition (2011), ISBN-13: 978-

0080966656.

2. M. F. Ashby, D. R. H. Jones, Engineering Materials 2: An Introduction to Microstructures,

Processing and Design, Butterworth-Heinmann 3rd revised edition (2011), ISBN-13: 978-

0750663816.

3. M. F. Ashby, Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, Butterworth-Heinemann; 4th

edition (2010), ISBN-13: 978-1856176637.

4. S. Cramer, B.S. Covino, ASM Handbook: Corrosion Materials: 13A, ASM International;

10th edition (2005), ISBN-13: 978-0871707055

5. S. Cramer ASM Handbook: Corrosion Materials: 13B, ASM International; 10th edition

(2005), ISBN-13: 978-0871707079

6. Reading Lists: http://readinglists.central-lancashire.ac.uk/index

———– END ————

http://readinglists.central-lancashire.ac.uk/index

UCLan Coursework Assessment Brief