NEED REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION POST OF 500 WORDS IN APA FORMAT WITH 4 CITATIONS AND 4 REFERENCES

Reflect on the assigned readings for the week. Identify what you thought was the most important concept(s), method(s), term(s), and/or any other thing that you felt was worthy of your understanding.

Also, provide a graduate-level response to each of the following questions:

1. Research has shown that Monday is the highest negative-affect day across most cultures. However, in some countries, negative affect is lower on Friday and Saturday than on Sunday. What are two explanations for this discrepancy?  

Required Text(s): 

· Zimmerman, J. L. (2020).  Accounting for decision making and control (10th ed.). New York, NY:  McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN: 1259969495

Essentials of Organizational Behavior

Fourteenth Edition

Chapter 4

Emotions and Moods

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Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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After studying this chapter you should be able to:
Differentiate between emotions and moods.
Identify the sources of emotions and moods.
Show the impact emotional labor has on employees.
Describe affective events theory.
Describe emotional intelligence.
Identify strategies for emotion regulation.
Apply concepts about emotions and moods to specific OB issues.

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Affect, Emotions, and Moods

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Affect is a generic term that covers a broad range of feelings people experience. This includes both emotions and moods. Emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. Moods are the feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual stimulus.
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The Basic Emotions
Six universal emotions
Anger
Fear
Sadness
Happiness
Disgust
Surprise

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Many researchers agree on six essentially universal emotions – anger, fear, sadness, happiness, disgust, and surprise. Some even plot them along a continuum: happiness – surprise – fear – sadness – anger – disgust. The closer two emotions are to each other on this continuum, the more likely people will confuse them. Emotions can differ depending on whether a society is individualistic or collectivistic in terms of the general outlook of its people.
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Moral Emotions
Emotions that have moral implications because of our instant judgment of the situation that evokes them
Moral disgust

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Research on moral emotions focus on examples such as sympathy for the suffering of others, guilt about our own immoral behavior, anger about injustice done to others, and contempt for those who behave unethically.
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The Basic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect
Positive affect: a mood dimension consisting of positive emotions such as excitement, enthusiasm, and elation at the high end (high positive affect) and boredom, depression, and fatigue at the low end (low positive affect)
Negative affect: a mood dimension consisting of nervousness, stress, and anxiety at the high end (high negative affect) and contentedness, calmness, and serenity at the low end (low negative affect)

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Our basic moods carry positive and negative affects; they cannot be neutral. Emotions are grouped into general mood states.
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The Affect Circumplex

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People rarely experience both positive and negative affect at the same time. Over time, we differ in how much we experience of each.
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Experiencing Moods and Emotions
Positive moods are somewhat more common than negative moods
Positivity offset: at zero input, most people experience a mildly positive mood

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The degree to which people experience positive and negative emotions varies across cultures. Some cultures value certain emotions more than others, which leads individuals to change their perspective on experiencing those emotions.
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The Function of Emotions and Moods
Emotions and Rationality
Emotions are critical to rational thought: they help us understand the world around us
Emotions and Ethics
New research suggests that ethical behavior may be based to some degree on emotions and feelings

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There are some who think that emotions are linked to irrationality and expressing emotions in public may be damaging to your career or status. However, research has shown that emotions are necessary for rational thinking.
People who are behaving ethically are at least partially making decisions based on their emotions and feelings.
Emotions help us make better decisions and help us understand the world around us. If we are going to make decisions, we need to incorporate both thinking and feeling.
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Sources of Emotions and Moods (1 of 2)
Personality
Some people experience certain moods and emotions more frequently than others
Affect intensity: experiencing the same emotions with different intensities
Time of day
People vary in their moods by time of day
Day of the week
People tend to be in their best mood on the weekend

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Affectively intense people experience both positive and negative emotions more deeply. Many are happier toward the end of the week or mid-day.
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Sources of Emotions and Moods (2 of 2)

Time-of-Day Effects on Moods of U.S. Adults as Rated from Twitter Postings

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Levels of positive affect are greatest in the evening, and the lowest in the early morning, on most days of the week. Levels of negative affect are also the highest in the overnight hours, but the lowest point is later in the morning than for positive affect.
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More Sources
Weather
Illusory correlation
No impact according to research
Stress
Increased stress worsens moods
Sleep
Lack of sleep increases negative emotions and impairs decision making

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Weather is thought to have an impact on our emotions, but there is no proven effect.
Stress is an important factor and even at low levels it can cause our mood to change. It is important to maintain a low level of stress to help us control our psychological, as well as our physical health. Social activities have been shown to have a positive impact on our moods. This could be physical outlets such as playing in a basketball league, or it can be going out to dinner with friends. These types of activities are found to have a positive impact on our moods.
Sleep can be another factor; it is important to get enough, and high quality levels, of sleep.
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Even More Sources
Exercise
Mildly enhances positive mood
Age
Older people experience negative emotions less frequently
Sex
Women show greater emotional expression, experience emotions more intensely, and display more frequent expressions of emotions
Could be due to socialization

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Physical activity can also aid in keeping our moods upbeat.
Some characteristics that are beyond our control can impact our moods, such as age and gender. Elderly people tend to have fewer negative emotions. Women tend to express their emotions readily, and their moods tend to last longer. Research has shown that this is due more to cultural socialization than to biology.
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Emotional Labor
Emotional labor: an employee’s expression of organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work
Emotional dissonance: when an employee has to project one emotion while simultaneously feeling another

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In many jobs there is an implied agreement on the types of emotions that should be expressed. For example, waitresses are supposed to be friendly and cheerful whether they are currently feeling that emotion or not. When employees don’t feel the emotion they are required to express, they may experience emotional dissonance. This can lead to burnout and frustration with the job.
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Felt vs. Displayed Emotions
Felt Emotions:
The individual’s actual emotions
Displayed Emotions:
The learned emotions that the organization requires workers to show and considers appropriate in a given job
Surface Acting – hiding one’s true emotions
Deep Acting – trying to change one’s feelings based on display rules

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An employee’s actual emotions are their felt emotions and this is in contrast to the emotions that are required or deemed appropriate, which are called displayed emotions. There are two levels of displayed emotions that can be expressed. They are both appropriately called acting. Surface acting occurs when an employee displays the appropriate emotions even when he doesn’t feel those emotions. Deep acting occurs when the employee actually changes her internal feelings to match displayed rules. This level of acting can be very stressful.
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Affective Events Theory
How do emotions and moods influence job performance and satisfaction?
Affective events theory (AET): employees react emotionally to things that happen to them at work, and this reaction influences their job performance and satisfaction

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AET provides us with valuable insights into the role emotions play in primary organizational outcomes of job satisfaction and job performance.
Work events trigger positive or negative emotional reactions, to which employees’ personalities and moods predispose them to respond with greater or lesser intensity.
Emotions influence performance and satisfaction variables such as organizational citizenship behavior, organizational commitment, level of effort, intention to quit, and workplace deviance.
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Emotional Intelligence (1 of 2)
Emotional intelligence: a person’s ability to:
Perceive emotions in the self and others
Understand the meaning of these emotions
Regulate one’s emotions in a cascading model

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Emotional Intelligence (EI) is a growing area of study is becoming increasingly important in the understanding of how individuals behave. EI is pulling in one’s understanding of emotions and their impact on behavior. Individuals who are emotionally intelligent will have a strong sense of self-awareness, recognizing their own emotions when experienced. They are also able to detect emotions in others. By understanding their own emotions and those of others, they can manage emotional cues and information to make decisions.
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Emotional Intelligence (2 of 2)
A Cascading Model of Emotional Intelligence

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People who know their own emotions and are good at reading emotional cues are most likely to be effective.
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Emotional Intelligence on Trial
The case for:
Intuitive appeal – it makes sense
EI predicts criteria that matter –positively correlated to high job performance
Study suggests that EI is neurologically based
The case against:
EI is too vague a concept
EI can’t be measured
EI is so closely related to intelligence and personality that it is not unique when those factors are controlled

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EI plays a very important role in job performance; however, the jury is still out on the role EI plays in effectiveness in organizations.
The case for EI is based on the fact that it makes sense and appeals to our intuitive thinking. It tends to predict things that matter and are positively correlated to high job performance. Many studies have shown that EI is neurologically based and thus helpful in predicting behavior.
However, EI has its critics as the concept can be seen as too vague and not easily measured. Since it is so closely related to intelligence and personality theories, it is not seen as unique when these factors are controlled.
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Emotion Regulation
Emotion regulation: identifying and modifying the emotions you feel
Effective emotion regulation techniques include:
Acknowledging emotional responses to situations
Venting

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Emotion regulation involves identifying and modifying the emotions you feel. Research on effective emotion regulation techniques is ongoing, but studies show that acknowledging, rather than suppressing, our emotional responses to situations and reevaluating events after they occur can be effective, as can open expression of emotions, or venting.
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OB Applications of Emotions and Moods
Selection – Employers should consider EI a factor in hiring for jobs that demand a high degree of social interaction
Decision Making – Positive emotions can increase problem-solving skills and help us understand and analyze new information
Creativity – Positive moods and feedback may increase creativity

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There are numerous applications of emotions and moods. These include selection of employees, decision making, and creativity.
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More OB Applications of Emotions and Moods
Motivation – Promoting positive moods may give a more motivated workforce
Leadership – Emotions help convey messages more effectively
Customer Service – Customers “catch” emotions from employees, called emotional contagion

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Motivation, leadership, negotiation, and customer service are also work outcomes that are impacted by emotions and moods, and it is important for managers to understand the connection.
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Even More OB Applications of Emotions and Moods
Job Attitudes – Emotions at work get carried home but rarely carry over to the next day
Deviant Workplace Behaviors – Those who feel negative emotions are more likely to engage in deviant behavior at work
Safety and Injury at Work – Bad moods can contribute to injuries on the job

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Job attitudes can influence our home life but don’t always get carried back to the workplace. However, deviant workplace behaviors are often the result of negative emotions and significantly impact the workplace. Negative emotions can also lead to increased injuries at work.
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Implications for Managers (1 of 2)
Recognize that emotions are a natural part of the workplace and good management does not mean creating an emotion-free environment
To foster creative decision making, creativity, and motivation in employees, model positive emotions and moods as much as is authentically possible
Provide positive feedback to increase the positivity of employees. Of course, it also helps to hire people who are predisposed to positive moods.

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In summary, moods and emotions are important to the study of organizational behavior. Also, they are natural expressions and managers should not try to completely control the employees’ emotions, but they should be aware of the emotions and not ignore emotional indicators.
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Implications for Managers (2 of 2)
In the service sector, encourage positive displays of emotion, which make customers feel more positive and thus improve customer service interactions and negotiations
Understand the role of emotions and moods to significantly improve your ability to explain and predict your coworkers’ and employees’ behavior

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The more you understand the emotions of your employees, the better you will be able to predict their behavior.
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Copyright

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