MLA Citations

Look into the word doc for details. If you are not good with MLA format, please do not take this task. 

Task:  Fix what is wrong with the numbered/highlighted area or explain what is wrong. For example, number 1 – the punctuation is in the wrong place. It should go after the citation. All citations as well as in text must follow the MLA format. There is a total of 11 highlighted parts.

Technology Bettering Schools in Low Income Areas

With the country in a state of depression, public schools from coast to coast are experiencing budget cuts which are preventing children from getting the best education possible. Technology is the future for most of these children and with public schools providing more computers, iPads, SMARTboards and other advanced technology it will help get them one step closer to success.

In North Carolina alone, 46% of children live in low-income families and have fewer opportunities to succeed because of that. (Clayton) (1)____________ These children deserve just as much as the other kids. Right now times are hard for alot of people and sometimes parents forget what they do will affect their children.

The exact problem of no technology is low-income areas has not been addressed directly but some organizations such as the Best Kids Foundation are reaching out to help poor student who need help to get to college. Their theme is “Education: A Gift to Children, A Better Future (James Anderson).” (2)____________ This foundation is more international and helps the poor kids receive a better education.

Technology can actually improve kid’s grades. During a study done by the Educational Testing Service the results said, “Math achievement improved when computers were used to address higher order thinking” (Computers Help Our Kids Learn). (3)______________

“Technology has certainly changed family life in the past few years. From the way we communicate, educate our children, and socialize with friends, to the way we tend our personal business and entertain ourselves, it’s a bold new world” (“Connected Kids”). (4)______________

The Wake County Public School system has 143,289 students in 163 schools. There are 20 high schools in the district in total (Franks). Superintendent Anthony J. Tata says “Nobody is happy with a 6 percent cut in funding [in Wake County public schools], but there were a lot of rumors of 10 percent, and I would just say, ‘Steady in the foxhole; let’s wait” (“Budget Cuts”). (5)_______________

In an interview with Green Hope High School’s assistant principle, I am able to prove exactly what technology has done to make Green Hope one of the top schools in the county. “Technology is used every day by every teacher to track, access and direct students learning and progress” (email interview). (6)__________________

The Argument of Technology in Low Income areas is that the kids will not have good future when they grow up. It will stunt there learning abilities because they will not learn as well on computers. If a student graduates high school without at least a rudimentary and working knowledge of new technologies, their future starts looking a lot less bright” (The Benefit and Danger of Education Technology). (7)__________

Work Cited

Anderson, James. “Technology Issues,” The Filipino Daily. 14 July 2013

Cindrich, Sharon M. “Connected Kids.” (8)_ (what is missing?)_________, 20 July 2013.

Clayton, Christopher. E-mail interview. 27 July 2013.

Franks, George. “High School Graduation.” CountyHealthRankings.gov. 21 Nov 2011. (9)______________

Langley, Jesse. The Benefit and Danger of Education Technology, NWeducation.edu, 24 July 2013.

Minchin, Marty. “Budget Cuts Will Affect Schools State Wide.” Piedmont.com.

20 July 2013. (10)_____________

“Computers Help Our Kids Learn.” Toronto Star, Editors: John Schiefel and Howard Smith. 6 July 2013. (11)____________

MLA 8th Edition Formatting and Style Guide
Purdue OWL Staff
Brought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing Lab

Welcome to “MLA Formatting and Style Guide“. This Power Point Presentation is designed to introduce your students to the basics of MLA Formatting and Style. You might want to supplement the presentation with more detailed information available on the OWL’s “MLA Formatting and Style Guide“ at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/
Designer: Ethan Sproat
Based on slide designs from the OWL “APA Formatting and Style Guide “powerpoint by Jennifer Liethen Kunka and Elena Lawrick.
Contributors: Tony Russell, Alllen Brizee, Jennifer Liethen Kunka, Joe Barbato, Dave Neyhart, Erin E. Karper, Karl Stolley, Kristen Seas, Tony Russell, and Elizabeth Angeli.
Revising Author: Arielle McKee, 2014
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MLA (Modern Language Association) Style formatting is often used in various humanities disciplines.
In addition to the handbook, MLA also offers The MLA Style Center, a website that provides additional instruction and resources for writing and formatting academic papers. https://style.mla.org/

What is MLA?

The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 8th ed. supersedes both the 7th edition handbook and the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, 3rd ed. The style of documentation outlined in the 8th edition serves the needs of students who are writing research papers, as well as scholars who publish professionally. This presentation will mostly focus on MLA formatting and style concerns that affect writing research papers.
MLA style is often used in the following disciplines: humanities, languages, literature, linguistics, philosophy, communication, religion, and others.
MLA format provides writers with a uniform format for document layout and documenting sources. Proper MLA style shows that writers are conscientious of the standards of writing in their respective disciplines. Properly documenting sources also ensures that an author is not plagiarizing.
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MLA regulates:
document format
in-text citations
works-cited list

What does MLA regulate?

This slide presents three basic areas regulated by MLA students need to be aware of—document format, in-text citations, and works cited. The following slides provide detailed explanations regarding each area.
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The 8th edition handbook introduces a new way to cite sources. Instead of a long list of rules, MLA guidelines are now based on a set of principles that may be used to cite any type of source.
The three guiding principles:
Cite simple traits shared by most works.
Remember that there is more than one way to cite the same source.
Make your documentation useful to readers.

MLA Update 2016

Principle 1: In previous versions of the MLA Handbook, an entry in the works-cited list was based on the source’s publication format (book, periodical, Web article, etc.). The issue with that system is that a work in a new type of medium could not be properly cited until MLA created a format for it. In the current system, sources are documented based on facts that are common to all types of publications, such as author, title, and year. Now, in order to cite a source, a writer now must examine it and document it based on a set of universal principles (more about that to come).
Principle 2: Two scholars may use the same source differently. Therefore, a writer who is working on a specialized topic in a particular field will include documentation information that a writer who is using the source more generally will not.
Principle 3: As a writer, you document sources so that your readers may locate them and learn more about your particular argument or essay. Proper citation demonstrates your credibility by showing that you’ve thoroughly researched your topic. Your citations must be comprehensive and consistent so that readers may find the sources consulted and come to their own opinions on your topic.

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This presentation will cover:
How to format a paper in MLA style (8th ed.)
General guidelines
First page format
Section headings

In-text citations
Formatting quotations

Documenting sources in MLA style (8th ed.)
Core elements
List of works cited

Overview

This PPT will cover the 2016 updates to the 8th edition of the MLA Handbook: how to format a paper, create in-text citations, and document sources.
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Basic rule for any formatting style:
Always
Follow your instructor’s
guidelines
Your Instructor Knows Best

Many instructors who require their students to use MLA formatting and citation style have small exceptions to different MLA rules. Every bit of instruction and direction given in this presentation comes with this recommendation: ALWAYS follow the specific instructions given by your instructor.
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An MLA Style paper should:
Be typed on white 8.5“ x 11“ paper
Double-space everything
Use 12 pt. Times New Roman (or similar) font
Leave only one space after punctuation
Set all margins to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch

Format: General Guidelines

The entire document should be double-spaced, including the heading, block quotations, footnotes/endnotes, and list of works cited. There should be no extra space between paragraphs.
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor).
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin. MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times.
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The first page of an MLA Style paper will:
Have no title page
Double space everything
List your name, your instructor’s name, the course, and date in the upper left-hand corner
Center the paper title (use standard caps but no underlining, italics, quote marks, or bold typeface)
Use italics for titles

Formatting the 1st Page

･Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
･In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor’s name, the course, and the date. Again, be sure to use double-spaced text.
･Double space again and center the title.
Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks; write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization), not in all capital letters.
･Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play; Human Weariness in “After Apple Picking“
･Double space between the title and the first line of the text.
･Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name, followed by a space with a page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last name/page number header on your first page. Always follow instructor guidelines.)
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Sample 1st Page

･Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
･In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor’s name, the course, and the date. Again, be sure to use double-spaced text.
･Double space again and center the title.
Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks; write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization), not in all capital letters.
･Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play; Human Weariness in “After Apple Picking“
･Double space between the title and the first line of the text.
･Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name, followed by a space with a page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last name/page number header on your first page. Always follow instructor guidelines.)
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An in-text citation is a brief reference in your text that indicates the source you consulted.
It should direct readers to the entry in your works-cited list for that source.
It should be unobtrusive: provide the citation information without interrupting your own text.
In general, the in-text citation will be the author’s last name (or abbreviated title) with a page number, enclosed in parentheses.
In-Text Citations: the Basics

Basic In-Text Citation Rules
The source information in a parenthetical citation should direct readers to the source’s entry in the works-cited list.

The in-text citation should be placed, if possible, where there is a natural pause in your text. If the citation refers to a direct quotation, it should be placed directly following the closing quotation mark.

Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the works-cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the works-cited list (so the author’s last name or the title, usually, with no punctuation in between)
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In-text Example:

Corresponding Works Cited Entry:
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.
Author-Page Style
Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263). Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263). Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

In-Text Citations: Author-Page Style
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear in your works-cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence.
The both citations in the in-text examples on this slide, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by the author, William Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the works-cited list, where, under Wordsworth, they would find the information in the corresponding entry also shown on this slide.
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Print Source with Author
For the following print source
Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life,
Literature, and Method. U of California P, 1966.
If the essay provides a signal word or phrase—usually the author’s last name—the citation does not need to also include that information.
Examples:
Humans have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).
Humans have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).

In-text Citations for Print Sources with Known Author
For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation. These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry in the works-cited list (as noted in the corresponding entry on this slide). See comments from previous slide.
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How to cite a work with no known author:
We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has “more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change…” (“The Impact of Global Warming” 6).
With Unknown Author

In-text Citations for Print Sources with No Known Author
When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it’s a short work (e.g. articles) or italicize it if it’s a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire websites) and provide a page number.
In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title of the article appears in the parenthetical citation which corresponds to the full name of the article which appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry in the works-cited list. Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the works-cited page. See comments from previous slide.
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Corresponding Entry in the List of Works Cited:
“The Impact of Global Warming in North America.” Global Warming: Early Signs. 1999. Accessed 23 Mar. 2009.
With Unknown Author

And this is how the works-cited listing should look. While this entry is technically correct, it would help your readers more readily access the source if you include the URL here (it would go before the access date).
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Works with Multiple Editions
In-text example:
Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class struggles (79; ch. 1).
Authors with Same Last Names
In-text example:
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer
children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).
Other In-Text Citations 1

In parenthetical citations of a literary work available in multiple editions, such as a commonly studied novel, it is often helpful to provide division numbers in addition to page numbers so that your readers can find your references in any edition of the work.
Make sure that your in-text citations refer unambiguously to the entry in your works-cited list. If you are citing from the works of two different authors with the same last name, include the author’s first initial in your reference).
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Work by Multiple Authors
In-text Examples:
Smith et al. argues that tougher gun control is not needed in the United States (76).
The authors state: “Tighter gun control in the United States erodes Second Amendment rights” (Smith et al. 76).
A 2016 study suggests that stricter gun control in the United States will significantly prevent accidental shootings (Strong and Ellis 23).
Other In-Text Citations 2

Citing a Work by Multiple Authors
If the entry in the works-cited list begins with the names of two authors, include both last names in the in-text citation, connected by and.
If the source has three or more authors, the entry in the works-cited list should begin with the first author’s name followed by et al. The in-text citation should follow suit.
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Multiple Works by the Same Author
In-text examples:
Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child’s second and third year (“Hand-Eye Development” 17).
Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be “too easy” (Elkins, “Visual Studies” 63).
Other In-Text Citations 3

Citing Multiple Works by the Same Author
If you cite more than one work by a particular author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others. This is illustrated in the first example on this slide. Additionally, if the author’s name is not mentioned in the sentence, format your citation with the author’s name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, followed, when appropriate, by page numbers. This is illustrated in the second example on this slide.
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Works in time-based media
In-text example:
Buffy’s promise that “there’s not going to be any incidents like at my old school” is obviously not one on which she can follow through (“Buffy” 00:03:16-17).
Works-cited entry:
“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon,
performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10,
Mutant Enemy,1999.
Other In-Text Citations 6

For works in time-based media, such as audio and video recordings, cite the relevant time or range of times. Give the numbers of the hours, minutes, and seconds as displayed in your media player, separating the numbers with colons.
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Sources without page numbers
In-text example:
Disability activism should work toward “creating a habitable space for all beings” (Garland-Thomson).
Corresponding works-cited entry:
Garland-Thomson, Rosemarie. “Habitable Worlds.” Critical Disability
Studies Symposium. Feb. 2016, Purdue University, Indiana.
Address.
Other In-Text Citations 7

When a source has no page numbers or any other kind of part number, no number should be given in a parenthetical citation. Do not count unnumbered paragraphs, pauses, or other parts. This is an example of how to cite a direct quotation from an oral address.
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Short prose quotations
In-text example:
According to Foulkes’s study, dreams may express “profound aspects of personality” (184).
Is it possible that dreams may express “profound aspects of personality” (Foulkes 184)?
Formatting Short Quotations (in Prose)

Short Quotations
If a prose quotation runs no more than four lines and requires no special emphasis, put it in quotation marks and incorporate it into the text.. Provide the author and specific page citation in the text, and include a complete entry in the works-cited page. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text.
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Quoting four or more lines of prose
In-text example:
Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration:
They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room,
and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping
it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing
his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw’s door, and there he found it on
quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was
obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity
was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)
Formatting Long Quotations (in Prose)

In quotations that are four or more lines of text, start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented half an inch from the left margin; maintain double-spacing. Do not indent the first line an extra amount or add quotation marks not present in the original. Use a colon to introduce the quotation (unless your introductory wording does not require punctuation). Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. Note: If a new paragraph begins in the middle of the quotation, indent its first line.
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Each entry in the list of works cited is made up of core elements given in a specific order.
The core elements should be listed in the order in which they appear here. Each element is followed by the punctuation mark shown here.

Works Cited: The Basics

While earlier editions of the MLA Handbook showed writers how to create a works-cited entry based on the source’s publication format (book, periodical, film, etc.), the updated 8th edition demonstrates that documentation should be created by consulting the list of core elements. Rather than asking: “how do I cite a book, DVD, or webpage,” the writer now creates an entry by looking at the list of core elements– which are facts common to most works– and assembling them in a specific order.
These changes have been made to reflect the differences in how we consult works. In the updated model, the writer should ask: “who is the author?” and “what is the title?”, regardless of the nature of the source. The following slides will explain each of the core elements, and how they might differ from one medium to another.
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Author.
Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the rest of the name, as presented in the work. End this element with a period.
 
Examples:
Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital
Communication Media.” PMLA, vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp.
193-200.
Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction.
Oxford UP, 2011.
Works-cited List: Author

While these examples are in different mediums (the first one is a periodical, the second is a printed book), they are both formatted according to the list of key elements. Note: there are other types of author situations, such as multiple authors, translators, editors, corporate authors, performers, and pseudonyms (such as online user names). Refer to the 8th edition handbook or the MLA online Style Center https://style.mla.org/ for more information.
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Title of source.
Books and websites should be in italics:
   
Hollmichel, Stefanie. So Many Books. 2003-13, somanybooksblog.com.
Linett, Maren Tova. Modernism, Feminism, and Jewishness. Cambridge
UP, 2007.
Periodicals (journal, magazine, newspaper article), television episodes, and songs should be in quotation marks:
 
Beyoncé. “Pretty Hurts.” Beyoncé, Parkwood Entertainment, 2013,
Goldman, Anne. “Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading
Dante.” The Georgia Review, vol. 64, no. 1, 2010, pp. 69-88.
Works-cited List: Title of Source

The title of the source should follow the author’s name. Depending upon the type of source, it should be listed in italics or quotation marks.
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Title of container,
Examples:
Bazin, Patrick. “Toward Metareading.” The Future of the Book, edited by
Geoffrey Nunberg, U of California P, 1996, pp. 153-68.
 
Hollmichel, Stefanie. “The Reading Brain: Differences between Digital
and Print.” So Many Books, 25 Apr. 2013,
“Under the Gun.” Pretty Little Liars, season 4, episode 6, ABC Family,
Hulu, 16 July 2013.
Works-cited List: Title of Container

Containers are the larger wholes in which the source is located. For example, if you want to cite a poem that is listed in a collection of poems, the individual poem is the source, while the larger collection is the container. The title of the container is usually italicized and followed by a comma, since the information that follows next describes the container.
In the first example, “Toward Metareading” is the title of an essay, and The Future of the Book is the title of the edited collection in which the essay appears.
The container may also be a website, which contains articles, postings, and other works.
The container may also be a television series, which is made up of episodes.

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Other contributors,
Examples:
Chartier, Roger. The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries
in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries.
Translated by Lydia G. Cochrane, Stanford UP, 1994.
“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon,
performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10,
Mutant Enemy, 1999.
 
Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room. Annotated and with an introduction by
Vara Neverow, Harcourt, Inc., 2008.
Works-cited List: Other Contributors

In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source who should be credited, such as editors, illustrators, performers, translators, etc. If their contributions are relevant to your research, or necessary to identify the source, include their names in your documentation.
 
Note: In the eighth edition, terms like editor, illustrator, translator, etc., are no longer abbreviated.
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Publisher,
The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public. If there is more than one publisher, and they are all are relevant to your research, list them in your citation, separated by a forward slash (/).
Examples: 
Harris, Charles “Teenie.” Woman in a Paisley Shirt behind Counter in
Record Store. Teenie Harris Archive, Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, teenie.cmoa.org/interactive/index.html#date08.
 
Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction.
Oxford UP, 2011.
 
Kuzui, Fran Rubel, director. Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Twentieth
Century Fox, 1992.

Works-cited List: Publisher

Note: the publisher’s name need not be included in the following sources: periodicals, works published by their author or editor, a Web cite whose title is the same name as its publisher, a Web cite that makes works available but does not actually publish them (such as YouTube, WordPress, or JSTOR).
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Optional elements:
Date of original publication:

Franklin, Benjamin. “Emigration to America.” 1782. The Faber Book of America, edited by Christopher Ricks and William L. Vance, Faber and Faber, 1992, pp. 24-26.
City of publication:

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Conversations of Goethe with Eckermann and Soret. Translated by John Oxenford,
new ed., London, 1875.

Works-cited List: Optional Elements

Date of original publication: If a source has been published on more than one date, the writer may want to include both dates if it will provide the reader with necessary or helpful information.
City of publication: this is only necessary in particular instances, such as in a work published before 1900. Since pre-1900 works were usually associated with the city in which they were published, your documentation may substitute the city name for the publisher’s name.
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Optional elements:
URLs – NO URLs for my classes

DOIs (digital object identifier)

Chan, Evans. “Postmodernism and Hong Kong Cinema.” Postmodern Culture, vol. 10, no. 3, May 2000. Project Muse, doi: 10.1353/pmc.2000.0021.
Date of access – INCLUDE

“Under the Gun.” Pretty Little Liars, season 4, episode 6, ABC Family, 16 July 2013. Hulu, Accessed 23 July 2013.

Works-cited List: Optional Elements

URLs: use at your instructor’s discretion.
DOIs: a series of digits and letters that leads to the location of an online source. Articles in journals are often assigned DOIs to ensure that the source is locatable, even if the URL changes. If your source is listed with a DOI, use that instead of a URL.
Date of access: When you cite an online source, always include the date on which you accessed the material, since an online work may change or move at any time.

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Purdue University Writing Lab
Heavilon 226
Web: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/
Phone: (765) 494-3723
Email: owl@owl.english.purdue.edu

Where to Go to Get More Help

Rationale: Purdue students are invited to meet with a tutor to assist with writing challenges on an individual basis. Viewers outside of Purdue may receive assistance through the OWL (Online Writing Lab) and answers to quick questions through the OWL email service.
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The End
MLA 8th Edition Formatting Style Guide
Brought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing Lab