ASSIGNMENT: CRIMINAL JUSTICE APPROACHES TO MENTAL HEALTH
- Explain how to distinguish between mental illness and criminality, using examples from the case studies to illustrate the difference.
- Explain how the criminal justice system has typically or “traditionally” addressed an offender who has committed a crime due to a mental health issue, using examples from the case studies to illustrate this approach.
- Explain how the contemporary criminal justice system addresses an offender who commits a crime due to a mental health issue, using examples from the case studies to illustrate your response. For example, address the following issues:
How should the responding officer proceed?
How should this person be processed through the criminal justice system?
What are the appropriate charges, if any?
How should the judge at the arraignment hearing proceed?
Assignment: Criminal Justice Approaches to Mental Health
After a violent crime is committed, the public is quick to diagnose mental illness in the perpetrator. But is it really that easy? On the front lines, criminal justice professionals must determine whether the individual is exhibiting signs of mental illness and follow prescribed practices to treat the individual fairly while also keeping that individual and the public safe.
For this Assignment, you analyze case studies that feature issues related to mental health and crime. While reading, consider how you as a criminal justice professional would approach each case, and why. Then, draw on those cases to complete your Assignment.
Submit a 1,500
1. Explain how to distinguish between mental illness and criminality, using examples from the case studies to illustrate the difference.
2. Explain how the criminal justice system has typically or “traditionally” addressed an offender who has committed a crime due to a mental health issue, using examples from the case studies to illustrate this approach.
3. Explain how the contemporary criminal justice system addresses an offender who commits a crime due to a mental health issue, using examples from the case studies to illustrate your response. For example, address the following issues:
4. How should the responding officer proceed?
5. How should this person be processed through the criminal justice system?
6. What are the appropriate charges, if any?
7. How should the judge at the arraignment hearing proceed?
In addition to using the case studies to help illustrate your responses, reference your Learning Resources to support your responses.
PLEASE READ AND FOLLOW ALL DIRECTIONS IN THE INSTRUCTIONS THERE ARE A LOT OF QUESTIONS THAT NEED ANSWERES. THIS WILL BE A REWRITE PAPER THAT I WILL ATTACH THAT GOES WITH THIS. PLEASE LOOK FOR IT THANKS….
Assignment:Criminal Justice Approaches to Mental Health
THIS PAPER IS A REWRITE WITH NO PLAGARISM ALSO I HAVE HIGHLIGHTED THE REFERECE AND THE IN TEXT CITATION PLEASE CHECK THOSE FOR THE CORRECT CITED DATES AND ADD A COVERSHEET TO THIS PAPER THANKS
There is a thin line between mental and behavioral problems. The incarceration of the mentally ill in the United States has increased at a high rate leaving individuals that are in jail or prison without the medical attention that is needed leaving them unstable emotionally. There is no definite way to determine where mental illness stems from so much of the diagnosis is observed by a doctor also told by the patients that are caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain. There are several kinds of mental illnesses that are mainly recorded by the action of a person into stages of the disorder like mood disorder, psychotic disorder, and anxiety disorder to name a few. When thinking of mental illness, you must understand the symptoms and the reaction from them because they cause a person not to act in a way that is considered normal. When a person is having a mood disorder problem it will mostly affect the sufferers’ attitude and behavior which distorts their judgment severely. Take the case study 2 from the resource the mother had to call the police because the son attacked her after stating that he needed to get a job. Due to his depression state of mind, it caused his action to become violent which he had to be restrained by the officers. This did not make him a criminal because the police had to be called it was the only way the mother sort out help to control the situation which could go one of two ways. If the does not want to press charges and son calms down and leaves without a hassle it will be fine. If the son gets out of control with the officers, this will cause him to be arrested and treated like a criminal when he is only having a psychotic break and needs medical attention. There is another mental illness that is more severe like schizophrenia which is the “most chronic and disabling of all mental illnesses. Sufferers grow out of touch with reality and become unable to separate real from unreal experiences. Other symptoms may involve social isolation or withdrawal. In some cases, unusual speech, thinking, or behavior may precede or follow the psychotic symptoms. Persons suffering from auditory hallucinations hear voices and noises that are not heard by others.” (Saral, T 2019) When in that state of mind, it may cause them to commit a crime because of their mental incapacity where they will end up in jail instead of a psychiatric hospital for evaluation. People like that they are deemed criminals just by their acts and their mental health state is not overly examined. Those that are criminals commit crimes because they feel above the law and will never get caught.
In order to understand how the criminal justice system has typically or traditionally addressed an offender who has committed a crime due to mental health issues, we must first know how it began. When mental illness was discovered in a person, they were placed in an asylum which was also used as prisons or locked up and used for entertainment so that people could laugh at them. After noticing how people were placed in disgraceful conditions alone with being beaten and treated poorly until they were obedient in 1841, Dorothea Dix started her Asylum Movement in Massachusetts. With her findings she went to the legislature of Massachusetts and funds were then set aside to expand the mental hospital in Worcester. “In addition to the problems in asylums, prisons were filled to overflowing with everyone who gave offense to society from committing murder to spitting on the street.”(ushistory.com) Through her continued efforts, Dorothea went on leading the asylum movement which also quickened the movement in other states. According to the study “Mentally Ill Inmates: Financial Impacts and Opportunities for the Future” by Nancy A. DeFerrari, the number of beds for mentally ill individuals has decreased significantly in the last 30 or so years. ( DeFerrari) Since passing the Community Mental Health Act (CHMA) in 1963 the number of beds or space in mental hospitals went from “ 500,000 to 55,000” and now in the 21’s century, it is down, even more, leaving many without adequate care. ( Vogel, M., Stephens, K. D., & Siebels, D. (2014) While trying to deinstitutionalize the population in mental institution due to lack of funding prison became full and they started giving the inmates with mental illness a drug called Thorazine between the 1950s and the early 1960s that worked for some and made others worse this is still a tradition that is used today. With the vast increase of young and older persons with mental illness in the community, it has caused a huge impact on all levels of the criminal justice system. In reference to our Case Study 1 where the offender had a mental break down and attacked the bystander on the train platform, this was an example of the lack of continues treatment. “Alternatively, police officers, who are not trained mental health professionals, may not recognize the symptoms of mental illness, thus explaining the greater tendency to use arrest rather than referral to community services, particularly for minor offenses. It is critical to recognize that the criminal justice system was not established and is not equipped to provide comprehensive mental health treatment.”( Vogel, M., Stephens, K. D., & Siebels, D. (2014) When the officers got there and retrieved more information, they learned that the offender has had previous arrests, suffers from bipolar disorder, and refuses to take medication when prescribed. Because there are many patients that do not follow their treatment program, they have a current turn around to be detained in jail and prisons.
Mental illness is one of the many problems that will never go away. As our population gets bigger by the day and more people are being diagnosed with mental illnesses every hour. With this being true, they are continuing to shut down mental health facilities, decrease funding, and leaving these people to their own. Now with the contemporary criminal justice system offender who commits a crime due to a mental health issue many different programs and new training for officers have been put into place. The first stage in a legal system involves detectives or the law enforcers who investigate a crime. When gathering information required to investigate the events of crime protective measures issued by the judicial officer have been put into place protects the police officers against harm during the investigative process. There has become a partner with the Law Enforcement and Mobile crisis units (MCU). “MCUs are one form of formal links between law enforcement and psychiatric services that allow officers to make decisions involving PMI that direct them to the treatment and/or resources they need. MCUs have been heralded as an effective way for law enforcement to partner with community mental health entities to provide more appropriate and effective interventions to PMI.” (Lord and Bjerregaard) For example in Case Study 3 where the sixteen-year-old student was overheard saying that he was going to shoot up the school and the principal because he felt like he was being looked at as a loser as well as feeling like he was not liked anymore. Gun violence has become huge in the nation alone with school shootings. With having a high rate of shootings, the government has passed a law even with threat charges that will be pressed against the defendant. Not all gun shootings are the result of a person having a mental illness some or premediated due to anger and others are a spur of the moment thinking. Law enforcement officials must take all threats against schools seriously. Making violent threats of this nature is a felony in almost all states in the USA. When this accrues the responding officers must first secure the area to make sure there are no guns or anything that can cause harm to anyone, call the MCU and interviewing the bystanders that heard or seen where the defendant made the threat. Most people that are processed through the criminal justice system have a right to be innocent until proven guilty in a legal court and this solely depends on the criminal justice system because it is to protect the rights and freedoms of the people. It is considered a second-degree felony to threaten a mass shooting or commit an act of terrorism. When it is carried out or announced in such a way another person can see the threats. This felony comes with penalties that include up to 15 years in prison and or a maximum fine of $10,000. After the arrest, the judge at the arraignment hearing proceeds to determine if the accused is part of a crime. Then the pretrial stage follows subsequently where the judge reads the charges to the accused and informs him of their rights. The next step is the preliminary hearing, the judge seeks to know if there is enough evidence to set up a strong case against the accused. The Criminal Justice System (CJS) consists of legal facts that include investigative, pretrial, arrest, trial, sentence and correctional system with each step exhibiting its own functions.
While the United States has a high rate of mentally ill people incarcerated without proper care there is still some evidence with links between mental illness and criminal behavior. “Certain disorders, particularly those that manifest externally or are accompanied by delusions, seem to increase the risk of criminal behavior. Research suggests that risk factors identified in the criminological literature play an important role in the relationship between mental illness and offending. Broader environmental characteristics, particularly neighborhood and community factors, have also been shown to influence the association between mental illness and criminal behavior.” (Vogel 2014)
References
Lord, V. B., & Bjerregaard, B. (2014). Helping Persons with Mental Illness: Partnerships between Police and Mobile Crisis Units. Victims & Offenders, 9(4), 455–474. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1080/15564886.2013.878263
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.fdle.state.fl.us/FCJEI/Programs/SLP/Documents/Full-Text/deferrari-Nancy-final-Paper
ushistory.org. (n.d.). Prison and asylum reform [ushistory.org]. Retrieved from https://www.ushistory.org/us/26d.asp
Saral, T. B. (2019). Mental illness and crime. Salem Press Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=95342956&site=eds-live&scope=site
Vogel, M., Stephens, K. D., & Siebels, D. (2014). Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System. Sociology Compass, 8(6), 627–638. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1111/soc4.12174
Vogel, M. (2014). Mental Illness and Criminal Behavior. Sociology Compass, 8(4), 337–346. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1111/soc4.12140
1
Writing in APA Style 7th Edition Example Paper
Student Name
Antioch University Santa Barbara
Course Name
Instructor Name
January 8, 2020
Title in bold, Capitalize All
of the Major Words; no
word limit.
Student Name, Institution,
Course Name & Number,
Instructor, and Due Date,
all on separate lines
Change from APA 6: No Running head
Every page has a page number in the header
Student Paper Example
Based on the Seventh Ed. of the
Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association
Use same font size
for everything in the
entire document
APA 7 no longer requires
12-pt. Times New Roman.
Permitted fonts:
12-pt. Times New
Roman
11-pt. Georgia
11-pt. Calibri
11-pt. Arial
10-pt. Lucida Sans
Unicode
One blank double-spaced
line under title.
Entire document should be
double-spaced.
2
Abstract
This paper describes some basic parts of writing in APA style 7th Edition. These components
include seven major areas: the title page, abstract, formatting concerns for student writing, use
of language, in-text citations, the references page, and titles and figures. This paper also
provides examples of specific changes that are required by APA style 7th Edition.
Keywords: APA style, citations, frustration
Level 1
heading
(see box below)
An abstract is a brief
comprehensive summary of the
contents of the paper, typically
no more than 250 words.
Abstracts are not usually
required for student papers.
Check with your instructor to
see if an abstract and/or
keywords are required for your
paper.
If you’re not required to
include an abstract, begin the
main text on this page.
Keywords are words, phrases,
or acronyms that describe the
most important aspects of your
paper. They are used for
indexing in databases and help
readers find your work during a
search.
If required for your paper,
provide 3–5 keywords.
Keywords can be listed in any
order.
Indent ½ inch.
No
period
Page number
1 inch margin
Headings: Use headings in your paper to distinguish between
main sections and sub-sections.
Format for the Five Levels of Headings in APA Style
Level Format
1 Centered, Bold, Capitalize Major Words
Text begins as a new indented paragraph.
2 Left Align, Bold, Capitalize Major Words
Text begins as a new indented paragraph.
3 Left Align, Bold Italic, Capitalize Major Words
Text begins as a new indented paragraph.
4 Indented, Bold, Capitalize Major Words. After a
period, text begins on the same line and continues.
5 Indented, Bold Italic, Capitalize Major Words. After
a period, text begins on the same line and continues.
Main sections (divisions)
of the body of your
paper
Sub-sections
3
Writing in APA Style 7th Edition Example Paper
Writing in the style of the American Psychological Association (APA) is a regular practice
for students of higher degree programs in psychology and many programs in science. The new
edition of the manual has made several changes, such as endorsing the use of the singular they,
as exemplified in the next sentence. Each student writer who applies the new APA student
writing standards may encounter different challenges, however, they may use the resources
provided by the AUSB Writing Center for support in learning the relevant new rules.
According to the seventh edition of the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (2019), the style’s broad applicability “helps authors present their
ideas in a clear, concise, and organized manner” that “uniformity and consistency enables
readers to (a) focus on the ideas being presented rather than formatting and (b) scan works
quickly for key points” (p. xvii). Since this paper is mostly written in the seventh edition of APA
style, attentive readers will note that it has many examples of changes from the sixth edition.
Most of the rules demonstrated here are those a student will need to have some acquaintance
with in order to write easily according to the student writing guidelines, which are distinct from
APA’s new journal article reporting standards (Paiz et al., 2013).
The Structure of a Paper in APA Style
The APA style guidelines are designed for primary research papers that usually contain
the following sections: (a) introduction, (b) method, (c) results, (d) discussion, and (e)
references. However, the actual headings may vary depending on the type of paper one is
writing (American Psychological Association, 2019). For example, papers that do not describe
primary research or original experimental data may omit the method, results, and discussion
Level 1 heading
(see
p. 2)
Use singular
“they”
New in APA 7:
Use “et al.” for three
or more
authors
Title is bolded and
centered, Capitalize
All of the Major Words
Level 1 heading
(a main
section)
One
space
after a
period
1 inch
margins on
all sides
Repeat title from Title page
4
sections (Xyers, Young, Zucherman, & Anne, 2019, p. 291). Some sections may be broken into
subsections, in which case the authors must use the appropriate headings and subheadings
(Xyers, Young, Zucherman, & Roberts, 2019, para. 4).
Organizing the Main Body
Most APA style papers written by students are not experimental; the organization of
headings and subheadings within the main body of the paper is therefore particularly
important. In certain cases, the author might use additional major sections, such as a literature
review, to introduce their own material.
Organizing the Main Body When There are Additional Content Concerns
In some common graduate assignments, students are instructed to compare therapeutic
models, provide possible interventions given specific presenting problems, or engage in case
study analyses. These papers may have particular sections (such as presenting problem, or
socio-cultural considerations of a given model).
Language Concerns in the Body of the Paper. Sometimes, writers who are just
becoming comfortable with APA style, or with academic writing in general, will mimic academic
language in ways subtly less clear than writers who use academic register fluently. For example,
one might write the following sentence, which sounds academic to the mental ear, but in which
almost everything is done poorly:
during the preparatory process of elucidating the critical and fundamental elements of
this theory for analysis, it would be observed that certain subjective elements of the
theory would be excessively situational to the point of being non-applicable outside of
the theorists’ particular circumstances. (Goodwin, 2012a)
Exception to “et al.” rule for 3 or more authors:
Include as many authors as needed to distinguish
between sources with the same first author(s).
Level 2
heading
(a sub-
section)
Level 3 heading (a
sub-section of the
Level 2 sub-section)
Level 4
heading
(see
p. 2)
If a
quotation
is 40 words
or more, use
a block quote
format: new
line,
indent
½
inch, double
space, no
quotation
marks.
Short
papers
usually
only
need
Level 1
and 2
headings
For block quotes,
period comes
before citation.
5
We observe that such a sentence serves little use beyond parody. The same sentiment can be
expressed in appropriate academic register in the following fashion: this theory is based on
subjective components and thus is not widely applicable (Goodwin, 2012b).
Language Concerns as Issues of Unstated Academic Expectation. Writers for whom the
distinction between the two earlier examples is unintuitive should not be dismayed. Graham
and Harris (1997) have shown that an academic style of writing is slowly learned, and is not
often intuitive. Often, the rules of academic English, and American academic English in
particular, are presented as assumptions rather than with explicit guidance (Graham & Harris,
1997). A student may look at their peers and see no one else asking questions about unclear
elements of an assignment, or unclear expectations, and try to muddle through on their own
rather than raising the issue. However, most academic expectations need to be explicitly taught
at some point, so students should not feel bad asking for clarification. Often, if one writer has a
question about the expectations, many others do also (S. Harter, personal communication,
September 30, 2018).
References
The American Psychological Association (APA) encourages authors to cite any works
that have impacted their own (APA, 2019). In general, the style guide recommends
paraphrasing sources rather than using too many direct quotes, “because paraphrasing
allows you to fit material to the context of your paper and writing style” (APA, 2019, p. 270).
A direct quote is best employed when the original author has stated a point particular
memorably, concisely, or effectively, or when the original author is providing a technical
Personal communication formatting example. Cite
in text but not on References page. (see p. 7)
Cite the
specific page
number of
direct
quotes.
Narrative
citation style
Parenthetical
citation style
2 Styles of In-
text Citations:
Narrative &
Parenthetical:
Level 4
heading
Level 1
heading
Para-
phrase
About page numbers:
Use for direct quotes
Use for paraphrases of information on a specific page
o Otherwise, optional for paraphrases
No
page #
(see
box
below)
6
definition or explanation of a term. Under other circumstances, a paraphrase is usually more
efficient than a direct quotation. Both paraphrased ideas as well as quotations need to be cited,
though; only common knowledge does not require a citation. A good general rule of thumb
might be: “when in doubt, cite it, and if you don’t have a citation, double-check” (S. Chase,
personal communication, August 12, 2017).
Writers using APA style should be careful to format their citations appropriately. Most
in-text citations follow the format of author and year in parentheses, providing page numbers
(or paragraph numbers) for every direct quotation. For paraphrases/summaries in your own
words, include a page number when information is from a specific page of a source; otherwise
a page number is optional, but may be helpful. The formatting of references in the references
list, however, is more complicated, and writers should check their work to ensure that they
have used the appropriate format for each citation, depending on the type of source.
Figures and Tables
As shown in Table 1, the seventh edition of APA has made some changes to the
formatting of figures and tables. For example, figures now use the same title format as tables
(see Figure 1).
Final Recommendations
APA style is an effective way of formatting and presenting complex material. APA can be
time-consuming to learn; visit us in the AUSB Writing Center for help with any of your APA
questions.
Personal communication formatting example. Cite
in text but not on References page. (see p. 7)
Use table and figure numbers to refer the reader to tables
and figures. Do not write “see the table above/below”.
7
References
American Psychological Association. (2019). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (7th ed.).
Goodwin, J. (2012a). Made up examples of bad academic writing. Academic Writing, 343(1),
1006–1010. http://doi.org/11.1136/acadbad.12345
Goodwin, J. (2012b). Good reading is hard writing: Another made-up journal article about
academic writing. Reading & Writing, 25(3), 143–152.
http://doi.org/10.1234/readwrite.123456789
Graham, S., & Harris, K. R. (1997). It can be taught, but it does not develop naturally: Myths and
realities in writing instruction. School Psychology Review, 26(6), 414–424.
Paiz, J. M., Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, G., Franks, M., Paul, R.,
Keech, E., Ruiz, G., Allison, A., Caterelli, B., Zhou, M., Soong, R., Nguyen, Y., Bedo, O.,
Sanders, B., Howard, C., Denny, H., … Keck, R. (2013). Online writing: The challenges of
learning APA. Journal of Psychotherapy. http://doi.org/10.4567/apa-style.67810
Xyers, K., Young, G., Zucherman, F., and Anne, A. (2019). Example with multiple authors. In G. Y.
Iwamasa & P. A. Hays (Eds.), Big Book of Examples (2nd ed., pp. 287–314). CRC Press.
Xyers, K., Young, G., Zucherman, F., and Roberts, B. (2019, June 1). Example citation for multiple
authors. BBC News. http://www.bbcnews.com/example-for-multiple-authors.html
New in APA 7:
No place of publication for books Leave hyperlinks
Do not use “retrieved from” or a retrieval date unless the website content updates often by
design (e.g., social media)
Level 1 heading
When publisher & author are the same, omit that info.
Include DOI as
hyperlinked URL
Capitalize only
the first word
of a journal
article and
subtitle.
Include
up to 20
authors
References should be in
alphabetical order and
double spaced.
Exception: Do not include personal
communication on your References
page, e.g., emails or interviews, since
they are not recoverable. Instead,
cite them in-text. (See p. 6.)
The References provides the information necessary for a reader to
locate and retrieve any source you cite.
Every source you cite must appear on your References page.
References page only includes sources cited in the body of your paper.
Same author,
same year:
use a & b
Use a
hanging
indent
http://doi.org/11.1136/acadbad.12345
http://doi.org/10.1234/readwrite.123456789
http://doi.org/10.4567/apa-style.67810www.huffingtonpost.com/fake-url
http://www.bbcnews.com/example-for-multiple-authors.html
8
Table 1
An Example of an APA Style Table
Table or Figure Change from 6th Edition
Table Mostly the same for simple tables, but avoid unnecessary
borders or shading in a table
Figure Now uses same title format as tables
Note. A table note may optionally be included under the table to clarify the contents of the
table for the readers of the manuscript.
Figure 1
Writing in APA Style
Note. A figure note may optionally be included under the figure to clarify the contents of the
figure for the readers of the manuscript.
Limited shading and borders now
preferred. (Do not use vertical
borders to separate data.)
Figure titles now parallel to table titles
(above the figure)
Figures and
tables are
left-aligned
Place each table on a separate page,
followed by each figure on a
separate page