12 hours
Interview someone who has a job as a helper that interests you. This can be a paid or volunteer job. Discuss the following and write down a summary of each response: What motivated the person to work in that field? What aspects of the job do they enjoy and not enjoy? Would they choose this job again? Why or why not? What do they find the most challenging about the job? What kinds of activities do they do to avoid burn-out? After interviewing this person, do you think you would enjoy this job? Why or why not?（ 300-500 words）
Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
Chapter 7:
The Classic Theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Classic Psychological Theories
Psychoanalytic field
Sigmund Freud
Alfred Adler
Carl Jung
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Classic Theories
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud was born in 1856
Lived most of his life in Vienna
Earned a medical degree
Spent time working in fields of hypnosis and hysteria
Became interested in a “talking cure”
Self-analysis contributed to the development of his theories
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Freud’s Theory of Personality
Deterministic view
Behavior directed by unconscious biological urges
Urges involved sex and aggression
Psychosexual stages
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Structure of Personality
Id
Driven by pleasure principal
Ego
Ruled by the reality principal
Attempts to influence over id and superego
Super ego
Concerned with moral reasoning
Inhibits the impulses of the id
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Defense Mechanisms
Endopsychic conflicts emerge between personality structures
Defense mechanics are employed
Occur unconsciously
Distort reality enabling time for ego to strengthen
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Types of Defense Mechanisms
Projection
Reaction formation
Fixation
Regression
Repression
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Conscious-Unconscious
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Oedipus complex
Electra complex
Latency stage
Genital stage
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Psychotherapy Process
Opening phase
Counselor obtains important history from client
Understanding of client’s unconscious conflicts
Development of transference
Projecting thoughts and feelings onto counselor
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Psychotherapy Process
Working through
Toward gaining insights
Resolution of transference
Work toward termination
Working through resistance
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Psychoanalysis Techniques
Free association
Dream analysis
Confrontation and clarification
Interpretation
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Ego-Analytic Position
Noninstinctual factors are emphasized
The ego is autonomous from the id
Ego facilitating adaptation to the environment through coping skills
Psychosocial and interpersonal variables are emphasized
Later stages of development are important
Psychopathology occurs when the needs associated with developmental tasks are not met
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Brief Approaches to Counseling
Garske and Molteni’s (1985) six factors promoting change in brief psychodynamic psychotherapy
A contract is established with the client
A statement of goals and objectives is established
The analyst takes an active approach
The analyst interprets links between the client’s current problems and relationship with analyst
The time-limited approach arouses issues relating to separation
The termination phase of therapy is characterized by working through problems associated with separation and individualization
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Alfred Adler
Born in 1870
Medical degree from University of Vienna
Colleague of Freud’s, but relationship conflictual
Founded “individual psychology” theory
Emphasis on early experiences with family of origin: family constellation
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Adler’s Theory of Personality
The creative self
Center from which all life movement generates
The concept of teleologial movement
All behaviors in terms of movement
Behavior understood from an interpersonal perspective
People do not behave in isolation
The psychology of use
All behavior has a use that propels an individual toward a goal
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Adler’s Theory of Personality
The phenomenological psychology
Understanding from client’s internal frame of reference
Emphasis on social interest
Tendency toward affiliation
Motivating force
The lifestyle
Basic orientation to life
Recurrent patterns/themes
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Adler’s Theory of Personality
A holistic psychology
Understand overall individual
Cannot be separated
Striving for significance
Individual strive to avoid inferiority
Striving for superiority feelings
The family constellation
Birth order
Family size
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Adlerian’s Psychotherapy
Mosak and Maniacci (2011) summarized major goals of Adlerian psychotherapy
Increasing clients’ social interest
Helping clients overcome feelings of discouragement and reducing inferiority feelings
Modifying clients’ lifestyle in terms of views and goals
Addressing faulty motivation
Helping clients feel a sense of equality with others
Assisting clients to become contributing members of society
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Adlerian’s Psychotherapy Techniques
Phase 1: Establish relationship
Listening skills
Winning respect and offering hope
Encouragement
Phase 2: Analysis and assessment
Phase 3: Promoting insight
Phase 4: Reorientation
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Carl Jung
Born 1875 in Switzerland
Earned medical degree, specialized in psychiatry
Religious underpinnings
Colleague of Freud, but disagreed with his underlying tenets
Integrated religion, mythology, archeology, literature, history, and philosophy into the study of psychology
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Jung’s Theory of Personality
The ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious
Collective unconscious
Archetypes
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Personality Types
Extroverted
Outgoing
Introverted
Introspective
Personality is also differentiated on four factors
Thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Jung’s Theory of Counseling
Emphasis on unconscious
Utilizes dream analysis
Goal to help self-emerge
Gain insight to structures of personality
He was cautious about using techniques
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
Chapter 8:
Experiential Theories and Approaches
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Art and Science of Experiential Counseling
Counseling relationship is based on Humanistic Psychology
Candid and authentic interactions
Experiential approach allows for intensity in relationship
Counselor uses self-transcendence to experience client’s emotion
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Experiential Theories
Focus on clients’ experiences in counseling
Encouraged to experience the “self”
Here and now
Focus on becoming aware
All emotions and experiences can be instructive
People are viewed as inherently positive
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Overview of Experiential Approaches
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Person-Centered Therapy
Carl Rogers founder
Psychologist at Child Guidance Clinic in New York
Professor at Ohio State, later at University of Chicago and University of Wisconsin
Left academia spent remainder of career at the Institute for the Study of the Person
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Client-Centered Theory
Positive view of human nature
People proceed toward self-actualization
Individual’s internal frame of reference is point of understanding
Trust most fundamental concept
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Four Propositions that Characterize
Rogers’ Personality Theory
People react to the phenomenal field as they experience and perceive it.
The best point from which to understand behavior is the
person’s internal frame of reference.
People tend to behave in a manner consistent with their concept of self.
The more people perceive and accept experiences, the more they will tend to be accepting and understanding of others.
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Client-Centered Counseling
Counselor congruence
Empathic understanding
Unconditional positive regard
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Goals & Changes toward Self-Actualization
Counseling does not attempt to resolve the client’s problem
Aims to assist client in growth to become a fully functioning individual
Open to experience
Self-trust
Internal source of evaluation
Willingness to continue growing
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Gestalt Therapy
Fritz Perls founder
Born in Berlin
Helped establish Gestalt institutes
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Gestalt Theory of Personality
Phenomenological concepts
Independence
Focus on the here and now
View:
People are self-determined
Strive for self-actualization
Best understood from phenomenological perspective
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Gestalt Key Concepts
Each aspect of a person can only be understood within the context of the whole person.
An existential-phenomenological perspective
Helping clients move from dependence to independence
Being integrated and centered in the now
Experimentation
Health
Relational focus
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Gestalt Counseling Techniques
Authenticity
Assuming responsibility
Using personal pronouns
Now I’m aware
The empty chair
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Existential Therapy
No single founder
Traced back to philosophy
Premise that people do not exist in isolation
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Existential Theory
Each person is unique
Individuals struggle to find meaning
May & Yalom (2005) interrelated human concerns:
Death, freedom, isolation and meaningless
Death being the ultimate concern
Personal meaning and authenticity associated with death
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Existential Key Concepts
Uniqueness of the individual
The search for meaning
The role of anxiety
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Existential Key Concepts (cont’d)
Freedom and responsibility
Being and nonbeing
Three modes of existence
Self-transcendence
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Goals of Existential Counseling
Relate directly to the key concepts
Assist client in:
discovering their own uniqueness
find personal meaning in life
use anxiety in a positive sense
become aware of their choices and the need to take responsibility for choices
see death as an eventual reality that gives life meaning
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Existential compared to Client-Centered
Similar to the Person (Client)-Centered: aim for phenomenological understanding and encourage the client to become aware of inner choices
Differ: nature of counseling relationship.
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Existential Techniques
Relationship over specific techniques
Dereflection: Focus on strengths instead of weaknesses
Paradoxical intention: Encourage client to do that which is feared
Symptom prescription
Symptom restraining
Self-transcendence
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Creative Arts Therapy (CAT)
Utilizes modalities of art, music, dance and drama
Existential theory is used
Certification varies with modality
Music therapy
Art therapy
Drama therapy
Dance therapy
Bibliotherapy
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
Chapter 9:
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
The Art & Science of Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling
Goal to help clients understand how thoughts impact behavior
Identify dysfunctional thoughts
Explore the etiology of these thoughts
Focuses on overt and measurable behavior
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
The Cognitive-Behavioral Theories
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
The Cognitive-Behavioral Theories (continued)
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Roots in Behavioral Theory
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social Learning Theory
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Behavioral Therapy Concepts
Behavior therapy concentrates on overt, observable behavioral processes and cognitions.
Behavior therapy focuses on the here and now.
Maladaptive behaviors are primarily the result of learning.
Well-defined, concrete goals are used.
Behavior therapy is committed to the scientific method.
Behavior therapy is based on empiricism.
Behavior therapy is active and transparent.
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Behavioral Therapy Techniques
Cognitive Behavioral Modification
Self-instructional therapy
Stress inoculation training
Cognitive structures and internal speech determine behavior
Self-Management and Self-Control
Helping clients become their own agent of change
Self-Efficacy
Enhancing person’s belief in his or her abilities
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Behavioral Therapy Techniques (continued)
Participant Modeling
Based on Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
Role of observation and imitation in learning
Assertiveness Training
Involves identifying need, realizing how increase assertiveness can help, practicing then feedback
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Behavioral Therapy Techniques (continued)
Systematic Desensitization
Teach deep relaxation
Develop a hierarchy
Proceed through the hierarchy
Address the fear in vivo
Follow up and evaluate
Token Economy
Tokens are used to reinforce desired behavior
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Albert Ellis founding father
Named theory to highlight the interrelationship among thoughts, feelings and behaviors in functioning
Maintained that people were best understood through their self-talk
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy Key Concepts
The Role of Cognition
Self-defeating statements: Self-damnation, I-can’t-stand-it-it is, and Awfulizing:
The A-B-C-D-E Acronym
Activating event
Belief about the event
Emotional Consequence
Dispute self-defeating thoughts
Effect of dispute
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
REBT Techniques
Cognitive
Cognitive restructuring
Reframing
Referencing
Emotive
focuses on the client’s affect or emotional domain
helps clients learn how to accept themselves
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
REBT Techniques (continued)
Operant Behavioral
Conditioning
Assertiveness training
Systematic desensitization
Relaxation therapy
Self-management
Homework assignments
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Cognitive Therapy
Aaron Beck founder
Rejected his early training in psychoanalysis
Best known for his work with depression
Developed Beck Depression Inventory
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Cognitive Theory: Key Concepts
Based off of premise that people respond to life events through a combination of cognitive, affective, motivational, and behavioral responses.
Cognitive processes at the core of many mental health concerns.
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Cognitive Theory: Key Concepts (continued)
The Role of Cognition in Mental Health
Cognitive Vulnerability
Cognitive Distortions
Arbitrary inference
Selective abstraction
Overgeneralization
Magnification and minimization
Personalization
Dichotomous thinking
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Cognitive Theory: Key Concepts (continued)
Systematic Bias in Information Processing
Cognitive Triad of Depression
Cognitive Model of Anxiety
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Cognitive Therapy Techniques
Decatastrophizing
Reattribution Technique
Redefining
Decentering
Behavioral Techniques
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Transactional Analysis (TA)
Eric Berne founder
Emphasizes role of interpersonal relationships in psychological functioning
Commonalities among interpersonal theories:
Problems are conceptualized from an interpersonal perspective
Familial interaction patterns are the best means of understanding
oneself and others.
The counselor-client relationship can be used to work through relationship issues.
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Transactional Analysis Key Concepts
The Interpersonal Perspective
psychopathology is understood as a manifestation of intrapersonal and interpersonal forces.
Ego States
parent ego state: represents the person’s morals and values
adult ego state: is the rational-thinking dimension
child ego state: is the uninhibited side of the personality- variety of emotions
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Transactional Analysis Key Concepts (continued)
Transactional Analysis
Analyzing transactions between people
Assessing the three ego states for complementary, crossed or ulterior
Games People Play
Usually played at a unconscious level
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Transactional Analysis Key Concepts (continued)
The Four Life Positions
“I’m OK, you’re OK”
“I’m OK, you’re not OK”
“I’m not OK, you’re OK”
“I’m not OK, you’re not OK”
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Transactional Analysis Key Concepts (continued)
Life Scripts
Created in early childhood
Includes messages from parents and other sources, e.g. fairy tales
Strokes
Basis for human relations is for recognition
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
TA Counseling Process
Goal is to help client become more autonomous, self-aware and spontaneous.
New decisions (redecisions)
Rewriting their life script
Ceasing to play games
Understanding their three ego states of parent, adult, and child
Avoiding crossed or ulterior transactions
Learning how to obtain and give positive strokes
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
TA Counseling Techniques
Structural analysis
Transactional analysis
Script analysis
Analysis of games
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Reality Therapy
William Glasser founder
Deterred labels for mental health
Desired a realistic approach
Theory emphasizes role of choice and responsibility in human functioning
Appropriate choices can create “quality worlds”
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Reality Therapy Key Concepts
Success and Failure Identity
Emphasis on Responsibility
View of Psychopathology
Positive Addiction
Control Theory
Choice Theory
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Feminist Therapy
Early pioneers: Laura Brown, Harriet Lerner, Edna Rawlings and Carolyn Enns
Roots early 1960s Betty Friedan and others associated with feminism and the Women’s Liberation Movement
Recognizes the inner strength and resiliency of the human spirit and inherent drive for freedom and equality
Contextual factors like sociopolitical forces can create
Oppression and undermine self-actualizing tendencies
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc
Feminist Therapy Key Concepts
Relational Focus
Social Constructionist Perspective
Diversity and Complexity of Women’s Lives
Nystul, Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective
© 2016 SAGE Publications, Inc