Patho I

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Week 8

Assignment 2: The Pathophysiology of Disorders

During the last 5 weeks, you have explored various body systems: neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, and hematological. These four systems work together along with other body systems to complete a myriad of functions. For this reason, when disorders occur within one body system, it can create potentially devastating effects throughout the entire body. For instance, Parkinson’s disease is a disorder of the central nervous system, yet its alterations actually affect multiple body systems from the cardiovascular system to the gastrointestinal system. In this Assignment, you examine alterations associated with disorders, as well as the impact of the alterations on multiple body systems.

To Prepare

· From the list below, select a disorder of interest to you:

· Alzheimer’s disease

· Asthma in children

· Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

· Congestive heart failure

· Hepatic disease (liver disease)

· Hypertension

· Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism

· Seizures

· Sepsis

· Identify alterations associated with your selected disorder. Consider the pathophysiology of the alterations. Think about how these alterations produce pathophysiological changes in at least two body systems.

· Reflect on how patient factors such as genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, and behavior might impact the pathophysiology of the alterations you identified, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of your selected disorder. 

· Review the “Mind maps—Dementia, Endocarditis, and Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)” media in the Week 2 Learning Resources. Use the examples in the media as a guide to construct a mind map for the disorder you selected. Consider the epidemiology and clinical presentation of your selected disorder.

To Complete

Develop a 5- to 10-slide PowerPoint presentation that addresses the following:

· Describe your selected disorder, as well as associated alterations. Explain the pathophysiology of the alterations, including changes that occur in at least two body systems.

· Explain how genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, and behavior might impact the pathophysiology of the alterations you identified, as well as diagnosis and treatment of your selected disorder.

· Construct a mind map for the disorder you selected. Include the epidemiology, pathophysiology of alterations, risk factors, and clinical presentation, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder.

Assignment: The Pathophysiology of Disorders

Submit the Pathophysiology of Disorders Assignment. This Assignment was presented in Week 8 and is due.

Learning Resources

Required Readings

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017).

 

Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

 

· Chapter 35, “Structure and Function of the Digestive System”

 

This chapter provides information relating to the structure and function of the digestive system. It covers the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs of digestion.

 

· Chapter 36, “Alterations of Digestive Function”

 

This chapter presents information relating to disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs of digestion. It also covers the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome.

 

· Chapter 37, “Alterations of Digestive Function in Children”

 

This chapter presents information relating to disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and liver that affect children. It focuses on congenital impairment, inflammatory disorders, metabolic disorders, as well as the impairment of digestion, absorption, and nutrition.

Hammer, G. D., & McPhee, S. J. (2019). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

 

· Chapter 13, “Gastrointestinal Disease”

 

This chapter provides a foundation for exploring gastrointestinal disorders by reviewing the structure and function of the GI tract. It also describes mechanisms of regulation of GI tract disorders such as acid-peptic disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome.

 

· Chapter 14, “Liver Disease”

 

This chapter reviews the structure and function of the liver. It then explores the clinical presentation, etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, and clinical manifestations of three liver disorders: acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, and cirrhosis.

 

· Chapter 15, “Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas”

 

This chapter begins by reviewing the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the exocrine pancreas. It then examines the clinical presentation, etiology, pathology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic insufficiency, and pancreatic cancer.

· de Bortoli, N., Martinucci, I., Bellini, M., Savarino, E., Savarino, V., Blandizzi, C., & Marchi, S. (2013). Overlap of functional heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease with irritable bowel syndrome. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 19(35), 5787-5797. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i35.5787

Required Media

Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012c). The gastrointestinal system. Baltimore, MD: Author.

 

This media presentation outlines the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal system and associated alterations.

Optional Resources

American Liver Foundation (2016). Retrieved from http://www.liverfoundation.org/

http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/index.aspx.

Learning Resources

Required Readings

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

 

· Chapter 29, “Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems”

 

This chapter introduces the structure and function of the renal and urologic systems. It covers renal blood flow, kidney function, and tests for renal and bladder function.

 

· Chapter 30, “Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function”

 

This chapter examines alterations of the renal and urinary tract function, including urinary tract obstruction, urinary tract infection, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease. It focuses on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, and evaluation and treatment of those renal and urinary tract alterations.

 

· Chapter 31, “Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children”

 

This chapter presents alterations of renal and urinary tract function that are common in children. These alterations include structural abnormalities, bladder disorders, nephroblastoma, and urinary incontinence.

Hammer, G. D., & McPhee, S. J. (2019). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
 

· Chapter 16, “Renal Disease”

 

This chapter explores the structure and function of the kidney for preparation of examining renal diseases. It then examines renal diseases such as acute kidney injury and chronic renal failure.

Required Media

Review the animations, case studies, and review questions on the evolve textbook support link. http://evolve.elsevier.com/huether

Optional Resources

National Kidney Foundation. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.kidney.org/index.cfm

Rubric to follow for week 10 Assignment pathophysiology.

Excellent

Good

Fair

Quality of Work Submitted:
The extent of which work meets the assigned criteria and work reflects graduate level critical and analytic thinking.

27 (27%) – 30 (30%)
Assignment exceeds expectations. All topics are addressed with a minimum of 75% containing exceptional breadth and depth about each of the assignment topics.

24 (24%) – 26 (26%)
Assignment meets expectations. All topics are addressed with a minimum of 50% containing good breadth and depth about each of the assignment topics.

21 (21%) – 23 (23%)
Assignment meets most of the expectations. One required topic is either not addressed or inadequately addressed.

0 (0%) – 20 (20%)
Assignment superficially meets some of the expectations. Two or more required topics are either not addressed or inadequately addressed.

Quality of Work Submitted:
The purpose of the paper is clear.

5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
A clear and comprehensive purpose statement is provided which delineates all required criteria.

4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Purpose of the assignment is stated, yet is brief and not descriptive.

3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%)
Purpose of the assignment is vague or off topic.

0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
No purpose statement was provided.

Assimilation and Synthesis of Ideas:
The extend to which the work reflects the student’s ability to:
Understand and interpret the assignment’s key concepts.

9 (9%) – 10 (10%)
Demonstrates the ability to critically appraise and intellectually explore key concepts.

8 (8%) – 8 (8%)
Demonstrates a clear understanding of key concepts.

7 (7%) – 7 (7%)
Shows some degree of understanding of key concepts.

0 (0%) – 6 (6%)
Shows a lack of understanding of key concepts, deviates from topics.

Assimilation and Synthesis of Ideas:
The extend to which the work reflects the student’s ability to:

Apply and integrate material in course resources (i.e. video, required readings, and textbook) and credible outside resources.

18 (18%) – 20 (20%)
Demonstrates and applies exceptional support of major points and integrates 2 or more credible outside sources, in addition to 2-3 course resources to suppport point of view.

16 (16%) – 17 (17%)
Integrates specific information from 1 credible outside resource and 2-3 course resources to support major points and point of view.

14 (14%) – 15 (15%)
Minimally includes and integrates specific information from 2-3 resources to support major points and point of view.

0 (0%) – 13 (13%)
Includes and integrates specific information from 0 to 1 resoruce to support major points and point of view.

Assimilation and Synthesis of Ideas:
The extend to which the work reflects the student’s ability to:
Synthesize (combines various components or different ideas into a new whole) material in course resources (i.e. video, required readings, textbook) and outside, credible resources by comparing different points of view and highlighting similarities, differences, and connections.

18 (18%) – 20 (20%)
Synthesizes and justifies (defends, explains, validates, confirms) information gleaned from sources to support major points presented. Applies meaning to the field of advanced nursing practice.

16 (16%) – 17 (17%)
Summarizes information gleaned from sources to support major points, but does not synthesize.

14 (14%) – 15 (15%)
Identifies but does not interpret or apply concepts, and/or strategies correctly; ideas unclear and/or underdeveloped.

0 (0%) – 13 (13%)
Rarely or does not interpret, apply, and synthesize concepts, and/or strategies.

Written Expression and Formatting
Paragraph and Sentence Structure: Paragraphs make clear points that support well developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are clearly structured and carefully focused–neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance.

5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for structure, flow, continuity and clarity

4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for structure, flow, continuity and clarity 80% of the time.

3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for structure, flow, continuity and clarity 60%- 79% of the time.

0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for structure, flow, continuity and clarity < 60% of the time. Written Expression and Formatting English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation 5 (5%) - 5 (5%) Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. 4 (4%) - 4 (4%) Contains a few (1-2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 3.5 (3.5%) - 3.5 (3.5%) Contains several (3-4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 0 (0%) - 3 (3%) Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding. Written Expression and Formatting The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running head, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. 5 (5%) - 5 (5%) Uses correct APA format with no errors. 4 (4%) - 4 (4%) Contains a few (1-2) APA format errors. 3.5 (3.5%) - 3.5 (3.5%) Contains several (3-4) APA format errors. 0 (0%) - 3 (3%) Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors. Total Points: 100