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The first step of the evidence-based practice process is to evaluate a nursing practice environment to identify a nursing problem in the clinical area. When a nursing problem is discovered, the nurse researcher develops a clinical guiding question to address that nursing practice problem.
For this assignment, you will create a clinical guiding question know as a PICOT question. The PICOT question must be relevant to a nursing practice problem. To support your PICOT question, identify six supporting peer-revised research articles, as indicated below. The PICOT question and six peer-reviewed research articles you choose will be utilized for subsequent assignments.
Use the “Literature Evaluation Table” to complete this assignment.
- Select a nursing practice problem of interest to use as the focus of your research. Start with the patient population and identify a clinical problem or issue that arises from the patient population. In 200–250 words, provide a summary of the clinical issue.
- Following the PICOT format, write a PICOT question in your selected nursing practice problem area of interest. The PICOT question should be applicable to your proposed capstone project (the project students must complete during their final course in the RN-BSN program of study).
- The PICOT question will provide a framework for your capstone project.
- Conduct a literature search to locate six research articles focused on your selected nursing practice problem of interest. This literature search should include three quantitative and three qualitative peer-reviewed research articles to support your nursing practice problem.
Note: To assist in your search, remove the words qualitative and quantitative and include words that narrow or broaden your main topic. For example: Search for diabetes and pediatric and dialysis. To determine what research design was used in the articles the search produced, review the abstract and the methods section of the article. The author will provide a description of data collection using qualitative or quantitative methods. Systematic Reviews, Literature Reviews, and Metanalysis articles are good resources and provide a strong level of evidence but are not considered primary research articles. Therefore, they should not be included in this assignment.
While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS |
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Comparison of qualitative & quantitative research |
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Qualitative |
Quantitative |
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Definitions |
a systematic subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning |
a formal, objective, systematic process for obtaining information about the world. A method used to describe, test relationships, and examine cause and effect relationships. |
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Goals |
To gain insight; explore the depth, richness, and complexity inherent in the phenomenon. |
To test relationships, describe, examine cause and effect relations |
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Characteristics |
· Soft science · Focus: complex & broad · Holistic · Subjective · Dialectic, inductive reasoning · Basis of knowing: meaning & discovery · Develops theory · Shared interpretation · Communication & observation · Basic element of analysis: words · Individual interpretation · Uniqueness |
Hard science Focus: concise & narrow Reductionistic Objective Logistic, deductive reasoning Basis of knowing: cause & effect, relationships Tests theory Control Instruments Basic element of analysis: numbers Statistical analysis Generalization |
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Specific qualitative approaches |
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Phenomenology |
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Purpose, goal – to describe experiences as they are lived |
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· examines uniqueness of individual’s lived situations · each person has own reality; reality is subjective |
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Research question development |
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· What does existence of feeling or experience indicate concerning the phenomenon to be explored · What are necessary & sufficient constituents of feeling or experience? · What is the nature of the human being? |
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Method |
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· No clearly defined steps to avoid limiting creativity of researcher · Sampling & data collection |
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· Seek persons who understand study & are willing to express inner feelings & experiences · Describe experiences of phenomenon · Write experiences of phenomenon · Direct observation · Audio or videotape |
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Data analysis |
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· Classify & rank data · Sense of wholeness · Examine experiences beyond human awareness/ or cannot be communicated |
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Outcomes |
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· Findings described from subject’s point-of-view · Researcher identifies themes · Structural explanation of findings is developed |
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Grounded theory |
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Purpose – theory development |
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· Used in discovering what problems exist in a social scene &how persons handle them · Involves formulation, testing, & redevelopment of propositions until a theory is developed |
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Method – steps occur simultaneously; a constant comparative process |
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· Data collection – interview, observation, record review, or combination |
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Analysis |
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· Concept formation · Concept development – reduction; selective sampling of literature; selective sampling of subjects; emergence of core concepts · Concept modification & integration |
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Outcomes – theory supported by examples from data |
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Ethnography |
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Purpose – to describe a culture’s characteristics |
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· Identify culture, variables for study, & review literature · Data collection – gain entrance to culture; immerse self in culture; acquire informants; gather data through direct observation & interaction with subjects |
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Analysis – describe characteristics of culture |
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Outcomes – description of culture |
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Historical |
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Purpose – describe and examine events of the past to understand the present and anticipate potential future effects |
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· Formulate idea – select topic after reading related literature · Develop research questions · Develop an inventory of sources – archives, private libraries, papers · Clarify validity & reliability of data – primary sources, authenticity, biases · Develop research outline to organize investigative process · Collect data |
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Analysis – synthesis of all data; accept & reject data; reconcile conflicting evidence |
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Outcomes – select means of presentation – biography, chronology, issue paper |
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Case study |
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Purpose – describe in-depth the experience of one person, family, group, community, or institution |
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· Direct observation and interaction with subject |
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Analysis – synthesis of experience |
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Outcomes – in-depth description of the experience |
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Data collection |
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· Interview with audiotape & videotape · Direct, non-participant observation · Participant observation · Field notes, journals, logs |
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Reliability & validity – rigor |
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Use of researcher’s personality |
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· Involvement with subject’s experience · Live with data collection until no new information appears |
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Bracketing |
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· Researcher suspends what is known about the phenomenon · Keeping an open context · Set aside own preconceptions |
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Intuiting |
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· Process of actually looking at phenomenon · Focus all awareness & energy on topic · Absolute concentration & complete absorption in phenomenon |
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Can use > 1 researcher & compare interpretation and analysis of data |
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Data analysis |
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· Living with data · Cluster & categorize data · Examine concepts & themes · Define relationships between/among concepts |