oxygenation

Oxygenation Handout

Please answer all questions in your own words. No citations are needed for this assignment as the answers are located in your textbook. Please ensure your answers are brief so they will fit inside each box. 

1. Describe the following cardiopulmonary terms:

Frank Starling law

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Cardiac Index

Stroke Volume

Preload

Afterload

ECG

Normal Sinus Rhythm

2. Explain the waves in the heart’s electrical conduction system and what they represent:

P Wave

QRS Complex

QT Interval

PR Interval

3. Explain the following terms. Use table below.

Work of breathing

Ventilation

Inspiration

Expiration

Airway Resistance

4. What four factors affect oxygenation and ventilation? 

5. What seven conditions affect chest wall movement? 

6. Explain the characteristics/differences between left-sided heart failure and right-sided heart failure. How do these conditions affect efficient oxygenation? Use table below.

	Condition		Characteristics	Effects on oxygenation
Right sided heart failure
Left sided heart failure

7. Explain the following impaired valvular functions: stenosis and regurgitation. How is oxygenation affected?

Condition

Characteristics

Effect on oxygenation

Stenosis

Regurgitation

8. Briefly describe the following disorders. Use table below.

Myocardial ischemia

Angina pectoris

Myocardial Infarction

Acute Coronary Syndrome

9. Define/explain the following. Use table below.

Hyperventilation

Hypoventilation

Atelectasis

Hypoxia

Cyanosis

10. What are the differences between the following chest pains? Use table below.

Cardiac pain

Pleuritic pain

Musculoskeletal pain

11. How does cardiac function relate to respiratory function and what common assessment data supports a diagnosis of impaired cardiac and respiratory function. Use table below.

Function	Definition	Assessment data
Cardiac
Respiratory

12. How does the following affect oxygenation? Use table below.

Fatigue

Dyspnea

Orthopnea

Cough

Wheezing

13. Give one nursing diagnosis for a patient with alterations in oxygenation.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

14. Give two specific outcomes for maintaining patent airway.

a)_____________________________________________

b)_____________________________________________

15. Give five modalities appropriate for a patient with dyspnea.

a)____________________________________________________________________________

b)____________________________________________________________________________

c)____________________________________________________________________________

d)____________________________________________________________________________

e)____________________________________________________________________________

16. Define the following terms. Use table below.

Hemothorax.

Pneumothorax

17. Define the following oxygen delivery methods and identify advantages and disadvantages. 

Method of delivery	Advantages	Disadvantages
Nasal cannula
Venturi mask
Face mask
Non-rebreather mask

18. What are the ABCs of CPR? Briefly provide an explanation for each.

A

B

C

19. How does the following improve ventilation and oxygenation?

Coughing

Respiratory muscle training

Pursed lip breathing

Diaphragmatic breathing

20. Briefly describe the following dysrhythmias?

Sinus tachycardia

Atrial fibrillation

Ventricular tachycardia

Ventricular fibrillation

Sinus bradycardia

Premature atrial contractions

Answer the following questions and give the rationale for your answer.

21. Ventilation, perfusion, and exchange of gases are the major purposes for 

A. Respiration

B. Circulation

C. Aerobic metabolism

D. Anaerobic metabolism

ANSWER AND RATIONALE

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22. Afterload refers to:

A.  The resistance to left ventricular ejection.

B. The amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole.

C. The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute.

D. The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction.

ANSWER AND RATIONALE
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23. The movement of gases in and out of the lungs depends on:

A. 50% oxygen content in the atmospheric air.

B. The pressure gradient between the atmosphere and the alveoli.

C. The use of accessory muscles of respiration during expiration.

D. The amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the fluid of the alveoli.

ANSWER AND RATIONALE
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24. Mr. Isaac comes to the emergency room complaining of difficulty in breathing. An objective finding associated with his dyspnea might include:

A. Feelings of heaviness in his chest.

B. Complaints of shortness of breath.

C. Use of accessory muscles of respiration.

D. Statements about a sense of impending doom.

ANSWER AND RATIONALE
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25. The use of chest physiotherapy to mobilize pulmonary secretions involves the use of 

A. Hydration

B. Percussion

C. Nebulization

D. Humidification

ANSWER AND RATIONALE