history-the birth and growth of the United States as a nation up to 1865
Read and answer 5 questions
- Compare the cultures that could be found in the “New World” prior to the Europeans. Why were some groups more advanced than others throughout the same region?
- Describe the effect of European exploration and colonization on African and Native American cultures. How did each group react to confrontations of societies?
- Describe the social, economic, and political changes, which occurred in Europe and led to exploration and colonization of the “New World.”
- Why was England later than the rest of Europe in colonizing the “new world?”
- In what ways did the English colonization of North America differ from Spanish colonization of Mexico and South America?
NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS
America: Past and Present
Chapter 1
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Native American Histories before Conquest
20,000 years ago–Siberian hunters become first American inhabitants
14,000 years ago–Humans reach tip of South America.
These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases
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Routes of the First Americans
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The Environmental Challenge:
Food, Climate, and Culture
Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat
Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large species
Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role
5,000 years ago– Agricultural Revolution
Crops include maize, squash, and beans
Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities
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Mysterious Disappearances
Anasazi Culture—Chaco Canyon
Sophisticated irrigation
Well-built roads for transportation
Adena and Hopewell Peoples—Ohio Valley
Large ceremonial mounds
Extensive trade network
Cahokia—Mississippi Valley
Large ceremonial mounds
Far-flung trade network
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Aztec Dominance
Aztecs settle valley of Mexico
Center of large, powerful empire
Highly organized social and political structure
Rule through fear and force
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Eastern Woodland Cultures
Atlantic Coast of North America
Native Americans lived in smaller bands
Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering
Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers
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Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s
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A World Transformed
Large numbers of whites profoundly altered Native cultures
The rate of change varied from place to place
Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival
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Cultural Negotiations
Diversity of language groups, ethnicities
Define place in society through kinship
Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation
Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships
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Confederacies
of Eastern North America
Hurons–Southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie
Iroquois–Central New York
Powhattans–Chesapeake
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Threats to Survival: Trade
Native Americans were eager for European trade
They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans
Commerce also influenced warfare patterns
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Threats to Survival: Disease
Contact brings population decline among American Indians
Cause: Lack of resistance to epidemic disease
smallpox
measles
influenza
Rate as high as ninety-five percent
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West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies
Diversity of sub-Saharan Cultures
Islam
Strong traditional beliefs
A history of empires
Mali
Ghana
Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans
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Trade Routes in Africa
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Beginnings of the
Slave Trade
15th-century Portuguese chart sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa
Native rulers sell prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves
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How Many Slaves?
17th century–ca. 1,000 Africans per year
18th century–5.5 million transported to the Americas
By 1860–ca. 11 million
Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas.
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Europe on the Eve of Conquest
10th Century –Leif Ericson settles “Vinland”
Late 15th-century–preconditions for overseas settlement attained
rise of nation-states
spread of new technologies
spread of old knowledge.
1492–Columbus initiates large-scale European colonization
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Building New Nation-States
Population growth after 1450
“New Monarchs” forge nations from scattered provinces
Spain
France
England
“Middle class” a new source of revenue
Powerful military forces deployed
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Imagining a New World
Spain the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization
Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella
1492–Jews and Muslims expelled
Conquest of Canary Islands provides rehearsal for colonization
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Myths and Reality
Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay”
1492–Initial voyage
Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China
1506–died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient
Made possible Spanish dominion in America
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The Conquistadores
Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands
By 1512–Major Caribbean islands decimated
By 1521–Cortés destroys Aztec Empire
1539-42–de Soto explores Southeast
1540-42–Coronado explores Southwest
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Voyages of European Exploration
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From Plunder to Settlement
Encomienda System rewards Conquistadors
Large land grants
Indian inhabitants provide labor or tribute
Appointed officials answer only to Crown
Catholic Church
Protects Indian rights
Performs mass conversions
By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards in New World
Unmarried males intermarry
Mixed-blood population emerges
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The French Claim Canada
1608–Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec
French Empire eventually includes St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi
French Crown makes little effort to foster settlement
Fur trade underpins economy
Indians become valued trading partners
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The English Enter the Competition
Claims New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)
Achieves preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I
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Birth of English Protestantism
English rise influenced by Protestant Reformation
1517–Martin Luther sparks reform in Germany
1536–John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva
Reformation pits European Protestants against Catholics
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The English Reformation
Tudor monarchs bring political unity
Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509-1547) strengthens Crown
Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r. 1547-1553)
Death of Mary I (r. 1553-1558) cuts short English Catholic Counterreformation
Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) consolidates English Reformation
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Militant Protestantism
Lutheran Reformation
God speaks through Bible, not Pope or priests
Justification by faith alone for salvation
Calvinist Reformation
John Calvin stresses God’s omnipotence
Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation
Calvinist Christianity expands in northern Europe
France—Huguenots
Scotland—Presbyterians
England—Puritans
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Woman in Power
Elizabeth I (1558-1603) a very capable monarch
Elizabeth introduces Via Media
Protestant Doctrine
“Catholic” Ritual
Ends religious turmoil in England
Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompts Spanish crusade against England
England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers
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Religion, War, and Nationalism
Spanish hostility makes Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood
Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure makes them English heroes
Elizabeth’s subjects raid Spain’s American empire
1588– Spanish Armada defeated
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Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement
English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World
To the English the Irish were wild and barbaric
They would view Native Americans the same way
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English Conquest of Ireland
Ireland was a laboratory for English colonization
Irish viewed as backward
English under Elizabeth seize Irish land
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English Brutality
English ethnocentrism benign when Irish docile
English brutally crush frequent Irish resistance such as massacre of women and children
English adventurers compare Native Americans with “wild” Irish
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An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke
Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584
He named the region Virginia after the Virginia Queen
The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587
The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery
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Campaign to Sell America
By 1600 no English settlements in New World
Richard Hakluyt advertises benefits of American colonization
Claimed that England needs American colonies
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0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
16,000,000
Coast N.
America
Peru
Pre-Contact
100 years after
Contact