final paper
- Assignment (120 points)
- Prompt: Submit your final research paper on the topic approved by your instructor. At a minimum, you must address the following items with respect to your selected topic:
Explanation of your topic, including definitions of key terms and a detailed discussion of what your topic encompasses or includes.
A discussion of the current laws and public policies applicable to the topic.
Identify and discuss emerging policy issues related to the topic, including a detailed discussion of the factors or influences that specifically impact the policy-making process related to each issue.
A discussion of how someone with a Christian worldview should approach your selected topic and the emerging issues.
A discussion of your recommended course of action for future policy-making, with respect to the emerging issues related to your topic. Be specific. - Requirements:
Your paper must be on the topic specifically approved by your instructor.
You should generally follow the outline approved by your instructor, although strict adherence is not required. You may make modifications you deem appropriate, provided all requirements for the paper are met.
3,500 – 4,000 total words
Minimum 500 words Christian worldview discussion included in total words
APA-compliant format, including title and reference pages
Minimum of six scholarly references (not counting the textbook and Bible)
Turnitin similarity index should not exceed 20%
Paper will be graded in accordance with Appendix A “Grading Rubric for Final Paper
*** THE TOPIC IS CIVIL LAW & POLICY****
Running Head: CIVIL RIGHTS LAW & POLICY 1
CIVIL RIGHTS LAW & POLICY 6
Civil Rights Law & policy
Student Name
Institution Affiliation
Explanation of your topic, including definitions of key terms and a detailed discussion of what your topic encompasses or includes.
Civil rights policies are these policies that guarantee a person an equal social opportunity and getting equal protection under the law. This is regardless of the race of an individual, religion, and any other physical characteristics.
There are many civil rights policies that people are entitled to; they include having the right to vote, having the right to a fair trial, having the right to assessing government services. All have policies that protect people and ensure that they are getting equal right to education and the right to use public office, amongst other rights. In case there is an individual who is being denied some of these rights, it can be said that they are being denied their civil rights. This can be punishable to those individuals who are doing that, (Johnson, 2017).
A discussion of the current laws and public policies applicable to the topic.
Nowadays, there are many other current laws and policies regarding legal rights and policies/. Some of these policies and laws include having freedom of the press. The press can express themselves, freedom of religion, and each person, can associate themselves with the religion which they are thinking id of beneficial to them, freedom to vote. Other current laws ensure that people are entitled to have included freedom if having a free court and have the freedom to remain silent when the police are doing their investigations.
Identify and discuss emerging policy issues related to the topic, including a detailed discussion of the factors or influences that specifically impact each issue’s policy-making process.
Some issues can be said to be emerging issues regarding legal law and policies; for instance, the United States Civil Rights Movement, a movement that Martin Luther King formed. The main aim was to protest against racial discrimination, which was happening between the African American citizens. The movement came to be in the year 1950s and 1960s. Some of the violations they were having issues with include unfair hiring practices, lack of voting conditions, and segregation in public places, (Clayton, 2018).
A discussion of how someone with a Christian worldview should approach your selected topic and the emerging issues.
Christians can deal with discrimination through the teachings that they are being taught in the bible. It is not suitable for anyone to discriminate against the other; this; is because, according to Christians, we are all the children of God, and we were created in his likeness and image. Therefore we should treat each other with respect and see each other as your brother, and through this, there will be no avenue where discrimination can play its role. Such teachings can help even those who would have engaged in discrimination to stop, and they start seeing each other from another perspective.
A discussion of your recommended course of action for future policy-making concerning your topic’s emerging issues. Be specific.
When coming up with policies, especially regarding civil rights, they are supposed to ensure that other people’s physical and mental integrity is considered. The issue of discrimination should be unheard of, and this is because severe impacts are resulting from this. Policies in the future should ensure that they are putting into consideration this issue; this can be through ensuring that those who are caught engaging in discrimination can be taken into courts and gets charged. This will act as a lesson for those others who would love to try this, (Hahn, et al, 2018)
References
Clayton, D. M. (2018). Black lives matter and the civil rights movement: A comparative analysis of two social movements in the United States. Journal of Black Studies, 49(5), 448-480.
Hahn, R. A., Truman, B. I., & Williams, D. R. (2018). Civil rights as determinants of public health and racial and ethnic health equity: health care, education, employment, and housing in the United States. SSM-population health, 4, 17-24.
Johnson, K. R. (2017). Immigration and civil rights in the trump administration: Law and policy making by executive order. Santa Clara L. Rev., 57, 611.
R
unning Head: CIVIL RIGHTS LAW & POLICY
1
Civil Rights Law & policy
Student Name
Institution Affiliation
Running Head: CIVIL RIGHTS LAW & POLICY 1
Civil Rights Law & policy
Student Name
Institution Affiliation
MPA 6
1
1
Public and Administrative Law
Belhaven University
Unit 2 – Lecture 1
The Structure of Government and How It Works
1
■ Lecture 1 (Chapter 2)
❑ The
Electoral College
❑ Key Provision of the U.S. Constitution and How They Impact the
Political Process
❑ Congressional Districts and Apportionment, Including Issues of
Redistricting and Gerrymandering
❑ Development of Political Parties
❑ History and Current Status of Voting
■ Lecture 2 (Chapter 3)
❑ The Three Branches of U.S. Government
❑ Relationship Between Federal and State Government
❑ Governing Structures Around the World
2
Unit 2 Topics
■ Lecture 1 — Chapter 2
❑ Identify the purpose and process of the electoral college.
❑ Examine the constitutional provisions related to the
election process.
❑ Examine the basis and purpose of congressional districts
and apportionments, including issues of redistricting and
gerrymandering.
❑ Explain the historical development and purposes of
political parties.
❑ Identify modern issues related to voting, including
registration, disenfranchisement, and the Voting Rights
Act.
3
Unit 2 Objectives
■ 1 Timothy 2:1-6 — I urge, then, first of all, that petitions,
prayers, intercession and thanksgiving be made for all
people—for kings and all those in authority, that we may
live peaceful and quiet lives in all godliness and holiness.
This is good, and pleases God our Savior, who wants all
people to be saved and to come to a knowledge of the
truth. For there is one God and one mediator between
God and mankind, the man Christ Jesus, who gave
himself as a ransom for all people. This has now been
witnessed to at the proper time.
4
Biblical Foundation
■ Matthew 7:1-12 — “Do not judge, or you too will be judged. For in
the same way you judge others, you will be judged, and with the
measure you use, it will be measured to you … So in everything, do
to others what you would have them do to you, for this sums up the
Law and the Prophets … “Therefore everyone who hears these
words of mine and puts them into practice is like a wise man who
built his house on the rock. The rain came down, the streams rose,
and the winds blew and beat against that house; yet it did not fall,
because it had its foundation on the rock. But everyone who hears
these words of mine and does not put them into practice is like a
foolish man who built his house on sand. The rain came down, the
streams rose, and the winds blew and beat against that house, and it
fell with a great crash.” When Jesus had finished saying these things,
the crowds were amazed at his teaching, because he taught as one
who had authority, and not as their teachers of the law.
5
Biblical Foundation, cont.
■ Deuteronomy 1:9-18 — At that time I said to you, “You are too heavy a
burden for me to carry alone. The Lord your God has increased your
numbers so that today you are as numerous as the stars in the sky. May the
Lord, the God of your ancestors, increase you a thousand times and bless
you as he has promised! But how can I bear your problems and your
burdens and your disputes all by myself? Choose some wise, understanding
and respected men from each of your tribes, and I will set them over you.”
You answered me, “What you propose to do is good.” So I took the leading
men of your tribes, wise and respected men, and appointed them to have
authority over you—as commanders of thousands, of hundreds, of fifties and
of tens and as tribal officials. And I charged your judges at that time, “Hear
the disputes between your people and judge fairly, whether the case is
between two Israelites or between an Israelite and a foreigner residing
among you. Do not show partiality in judging; hear both small and great
alike. Do not be afraid of anyone, for judgment belongs to God. Bring me any
case too hard for you, and I will hear it.” And at that time I told you
everything you were to do.
6
Biblical Foundation, cont.
■ Result of compromise between the 13 original states
over how to establish fair representation in the new
federal government
■ Created by Article II of the Constitution
■ Each state is allotted a number of electors based upon
their number of representatives.
■ D.C. allotted number equal to smallest state (23rd
Amendment to Constitution)
■ Electors are usually affiliated with party.
■ Each state determines its electors.
7
Electoral College
■ Winner-take-all approach
Popular vote → Electors cast electoral votes
■ Possibility that a presidential candidate may win
electoral votes but not popular vote
8
Electoral College, cont.
■ Redistricting — states are required to reapportion
their congressional districts following the
decennial census if population has shifted
■ Constitution requires that each state draw
districts to equally apportion population within
those districts (within 1% of the average
population of all districts)
9
Districting
■ Gerrymandering — process of drawing congressional
districts in a way that gives the party in power an
advantage over the minority party, even if that minority
party would have a majority of the popular vote in the
district
❑ Cracking — breaks apart majorities of a single party in
order to dilute their voting power
❑ Packing — consolidation of voters of a single political party
into compact districts to minimize their overall effect on
the election; by giving up some districts, the party drawing
the lines can maximize the overall number of districts in
which they will have a majority share.
10
Districting, cont.
■ Registration
❑ Timing
❑ Voter ID
■ Disenfranchisement
11
Voting — Current Issues
■ Complete reading assignments.
■ Complete writing assignments.
■ Answer discussion questions.
■ Complete unit quiz.
12
What’s Next?
■ Fandl, K. J. (2019). Law and public policy. New
York, NY: Routledge.
13
References
MPA 6
1
1
Public and Administrative Law
Belhaven University
Unit
3
Economic Law and Policy
1
■ Economic History
■ Capitalism and Free Markets
■
The Commerce Clause
,
The Contract Clause
,
and Business Regulation
2
Unit 3 Topics
■ 16th Amendment (1913)
❑ Allowed Congress to collect taxes from individuals
❑ Realization that import taxes caused more harm than good and
restricted access to foreign goods and markets
❑ Recognition that an alternative mechanism to fund the federal
government was necessary
■ Laffer Theory
❑ Cutting income taxes → business growth –> increased
government revenue (trickle-down effect)
❑ Higher tax rate → less incentive to operate or expand business
operations
❑ “Kansas Experiment” — failure
3
Case Study on Taxes
■ Study of the production, consumption, and
transfer of wealth
■ Perplexing problem — Inequality
❑ Why do some have more than others?
❑ How does economic policy explain this?
4
Economics
■ Gibbons v. Ogden
■ “Congress shall have power to regulate commerce with
foreign nations, and among the several States, and with
the Indian tribes.”
❑ Comprehends every species of commercial intercourse
between the U.S. and foreign nations
❑ No sort of trade can be carried on between the country
and any other to which this power does not extend
❑ Commerce among the States cannot stop at the external
boundary line of each State, but may be introduced into
the interior
5
The Commerce Clause
■ Article 1, Section 10 of U.S. Constitution
■ Prohibits states from interfering with private
contracts
■ Enacted to prevent state legislatures from giving
special privileges, such as waivers from debts owed
under private contracts, to friends and supporters
■ The free market should be left top operate absent
government interference in most cases
6
The Contract Clause
■ Extended equal protection to all U.S. citizens
❑ Primarily to prohibit discrimination against
African-Americans
❑ Corporations saw it as an opportunity to acquire
more rights as legal entities than their historic
charters afforded them
7
14th Amendment
■ Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
❑ Established Interstate Commerce Commission
❑ Regulated railroads, bus, and trucking industries
❑ Dissolved after deregulation of these industries
■ Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
❑ Prevent corporations from placing unreasonable restraints
on trade through use of monopolies or other barriers to
interstate trade
■ Clayton Act (1914)
❑ Added price discrimination and exclusive dealing
arrangements to criminal violations
8
Early Business Regulations
■ Social Security Act (1935)
■ Medicare and Medicaid National Health
Insurance Program (1965)
❑ Prevent corporations from placing unreasonable
restraints on trade through use of monopolies or
other barriers to interstate trade
9
Other Regulations
■ Complete reading assignments.
■ Complete writing assignments.
■ Answer discussion questions.
■ Complete unit quiz.
10
What’s Next?
■ Fandl, K. J. (2019). Law and public policy. New
York, NY: Routledge.
11
References
MPA 6
1
1
Public and Administrative Law
Belhaven University
Unit
4
Foreign Law and
Policy
1
■ “
Foreign Policy
” Defined
■ Goals of Foreign Policy
■ Historical Context and Foundations of Foreign Policy
■ Treaties and Executive Agreements
■ The Role of Each Governmental Branch in Foreign
Policy
■ Process of Creating Foreign Policy
■ Contemporary Foreign Policy Issues
2
Unit 4 Topics
■ Romans 3:19-31– Now we know that whatever the law
says, it says to those who are under the law, so that
every mouth may be silenced and the whole world held
accountable to God. Therefore, no one will be declared
righteous in God’s sight by the works of the law; rather,
through the law we become conscious of our sin.
3
Biblical Foundation
■ Romans 7 — The Law and Sin
❑ So I find this law at work: Although I want to do good, evil
is right there with me. … Thanks be to God, who delivers
me through Jesus Christ our Lord! I myself in my mind am
a slave to God’s law, but in my sinful nature a slave to the
law of sin. (v. 21, 25)
■ Oppression of foreigners
❑ Exodus 22:21, 23:
9
❑ Leviticus 19:33
❑ Deuteronomy 10:19
4
Biblical Foundation, cont.
■ Sovereignty
❑ States have the right to operate as autonomous
actors in the international political system.
■ Foreign Policy
❑ State’s reaction to and interaction with other states
and non-state actors, such as terrorist groups
❑ Explains the behavior of government, shapes
national policies, and influences relations among
nation-states
5
Key Terms
■ Nation
❑ A named, human community residing in a perceived homeland,
and having common myths and a shared history, a distinct
public culture, and common laws and customs for all members.
❑ Not a state and need not be affiliated with a state
❑ Often does seek recognition, nationhood, sovereignty, and
territory
■ State
❑ Governing body, defined by a sovereign territory, borders, and a
populace
❑ Has authority to promulgate laws, regulate policy, collect taxes,
and maintain military and police force
❑ Impacts the political, economic, and social well-being of its
inhabitants
6
Nation-State System
■ Stated in the mission of U.S. Department of State
❑ To shape and sustain a peaceful, prosperous, just, and
democratic world and foster conditions for stability and
progress for the benefit of the American people and people
everywhere
■ Directly relates to the U.S. diplomatic, political,
economic, social, military, security, and humanitarian
interests
■ Monroe Doctrine
❑ Critical element of U.S. foreign policy that warned European
states (Old World) against future colonization and
interference in the New World, while also affirming the U.S.
policy of non-interventionism toward European countries
7
Goal of U.S. Foreign Policy
■ Intergovernmental organization of 193 member
states (originally 51), formed June 26, 1945
■ Mission to facilitate international cooperation and
prevent future conflict
■ Permanent members of U.N. Security Council
❑ U.S.
❑ Soviet Union
❑ China
❑ France
❑ UK
8
United Nations
■ 29 member states (originally 12) formed in 1949
■ Purpose is to guarantee freedom and security of its
members through political and military means
■ Collective defence clause — an attack against one
or several of its members is considered as an attack
against all
9
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
■ Isolationist
❑ Retreats from active leadership role with regard to
world affairs
❑ Primarily focused on national and domestic concerns
■ Internationalist
❑ Pursuit of policies that are outward looking and
support a leadership role with respect to world affairs
10
Role of President in Crafting Foreign Policy
■ Appoints the Secretary of State (head of U.S.
Department of Secretary)
■ Negotiates and enters into international agreements and
treaties
■ Issues executive orders and executive agreements
■ Hosts and attends summit meetings
■ Appoints ambassadors of the U.S. Foreign Service
11
Essential Presidential Powers Related to
Foreign Policy
■ Make treaties
❑ Subject to ⅔ concurrence of Senators present
■ Appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and
consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other
officers of the U.S. established by law
❑ Consent of Senate
■ Executive Agreements
❑ Senate approval not required
12
Limitations on Presidential Powers
■ Diplomacy — building relationships
❑ Unilaterally
❑ Bilaterally
❑ Multilaterally
■ Foreign aid
■ Economic sanctions
13
Presidential Tools of Foreign Policy
■ Complete reading assignments.
■ Complete writing assignments.
■ Answer discussion questions.
■ Complete unit quiz.
14
What’s Next?
■ Fandl, K. J. (2019). Law and public policy. New
York, NY: Routledge.
15
References
MPA 6
1
1
Public and Administrative Law
Belhaven University
Unit
5
Security Law and Policy
1
■ Current Security Policy and Its Development As
Compared to Predecessor Policies
■ National Security and Homeland
Security
■ “Classified” Information and Its Protection
■
National Defense
■ Preventing Terrorism
■ Shared Spaces (Oceans, Air, Space, and
Cyberspace) Policies
2
Unit 5 Topics
■ National Security
❑ All threats to U.S., threats to the people, property or interests of
U.S., or actions taken to counter those threats
■ Homeland Security
❑ Efforts to prevent terrorist attacks, reduce vulnerability to
terrorism, minimize damage from terrorist attacks, or recover
from terrorist attack in the U.S.
■ Terrorism — Unlawful use of force and violence against
persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the
civilian population, or any segment in furtherance of political
or social objectives
■ Security Policy
❑ Policy matters involving both national security and homeland
security
3
Key Terms
■ Intelligence
❑ Product resulting from the collection, processing,
integration, evaluation, analysis, and
interpretation of available information concerning
foreign nations, hostile or potentially hostile
forces or elements, or areas of actual or potential
operations or the activities that result in the
product
4
Key Terms, cont.
■ Classified Information
❑ Product resulting from the collection, processing,
integration, evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of
available information concerning foreign nations, hostile or
potentially hostile forces or elements, or areas of actual or
potential operations or the activities that result in the
product
❑ Executive Order 13526 (President Obama, 2009)
■ Military information
■ Foreign relations activities
■ Scientific, technological, or economic matters relating to
national security
5
Key Terms, cont.
■ Protect the American people, the homeland, and
the American way of life
■ Promote American prosperity
■ Preserve peace through strength
■ Advance American influence
6
Current U.S. Security Policy — 4 Pillars
■ President submits within 150 days of taking office and
annually, thereafter
■ Details the country’s national security strategy
❑ Goals and objectives
❑ Foreign policy and defense capabilities
❑ Proposed uses of political, economic, military, and other
power
❑ Evaluation of capabilities to carry out the strategy
■ Quadrennial Homeland Security Review — report
submitted every 4 years by Secretary of Homeland
Security
7
National Security Strategy Report (1986)
■ Article I of the Constitution
❑ Congress has power to declare war
■ Article II of the Constitution
❑ President is Commander-in-Chief of military
■ Authorization for Use of Military Force
❑ Passed after 9/11 terrorist attacks
❑ Gives President the authority to use all necessary
force in response to attacks
8
National Defense
■ Systems and assets vital to U.S.
■ Physical or virtual
■ Incapacity or destruction would have debilitating impact
on security, national economic security, public health, or
safety
■ National
Infrastructure
Protection Plan (2013)
❑ 16 critical infrastructures
❑ Creates many formal and informal councils to help identify
risks, plan for contingencies, and coordinate responses
9
Homeland Security Defense — Critical
Infrastructure
■ 4th Amendment to Constitution
❑ Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures
❑ No warrants to be issued unless probable cause exists
and specifies place to be searched and persons or things
to be seized
■ Communications technology
❑ Largely electronic
■ National Security Act of 1947
❑ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) created
■ Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978
10
Intelligence and Terrorism — Difficulties
■ Oceans
❑ Territorial sea
■ 12 nautical miles
■ Part of each country’s sovereign area subject to its laws and
regulations
❑ Any ship may pass through without permission on the way
somewhere else — “innocent passage”
❑ Contiguous zone
■ 24 nautical miles
■ Right to enforce only customs, tax, immigration, and
pollution laws
❑ Exclusive economic zone
■ 200 nautical miles
■ Right to exploit natural resources, fishing, oil, natural gas
11
Shared Spaces — Global Commons
■ Convention on International Civil Aviation
(“Chicago Convention”)
❑ Absolute sovereignty of every country’s air space
above their territory, including territorial sea
❑ No automatic authority to fly over another
country’s territory
❑ Prohibits the use of weapons against civil (non-
military) aircraft while flying
12
Shared Spaces — Air
■ Outer Space Treaty (1967)
❑ National sovereignty does not exist in space
❑ Forbids nuclear weapons from being placed in
orbit
13
Shared Spaces — Outer Space
■ No consensus among countries
■ 1st Amendment constraints, although body of criminal laws
■ 2017 National Security Strategy (Trump)
❑ Counter cyber criminals
❑ Identify and prioritize risks
❑ Deter and disrupt malicious cyber actors
❑ Improve information sharing and sensing
❑ Deploy layered defense
❑ Improve attribution, accountability, and response
❑ Enhance cyber tools and expertise
❑ Improve integration and agility
14
Shared Spaces — Cyberspace
■ Complete reading assignments.
■ Complete writing assignments.
■ Answer discussion questions.
■ Complete unit quiz.
15
What’s Next?
■ Fandl, K. J. (2019). Law and public policy. New
York, NY: Routledge.
16
References
MPA 6
1
1
Public and Administrative Law
Belhaven University
Unit
6
Laws and Policies on Nutritional Assistance
and the Environment
1
■ Development of America’s Nutrition Assistance Policies,
Including Access, Eligibility, Benefit Levels, and
Administration
■ History of
Environmental Law
■ Natural Capital and Its Protection
■ Externalities
■ The “Polluter Pays” Principle
■ Environmental Justice
■ Personal Property Rights
■ Major Environmental Legislation
2
Unit 6 Topics
■ Food Stamp Program
❑ Began during the Great Depression
■ Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
■ Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities
Reconciliation Act of 1996
❑ Temporary Assistance to Needy (TANF)
■ Food Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (the
“Farm Bill”)
■ Farm Bill of 2018 (12/20/2018)
❑ Largely, maintains SNAP benefits and eligibility requirements
3
Nutrition Assistance Legislation
■ Food and Drugs Act
■ Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
■ Wheeler-Lea Act
■ Nutrition Labeling and Education Act
■ Organic Foods Production Act
■
Food Safety
Modernization Act
4
Food Safety
■ Food and Drug Administration
❑ regulatory authority over most of the food system
■ human and veterinary drugs, vaccines, medical devices,
cosmetics, supplements, tobacco, and food (except meat
and eggs)
■ Environmental Protection Agency
❑ regulates use of pesticides, including those applied to
food crops
■ Department of
Agriculture
❑ regulates meats and eggs
5
Agriculture
■ Broad area of law that governs the interactions
between human beings and their environment
■ Includes regulations affecting:
❑ Pollution
❑ Natural resources
❑ Chemical use and disposal
❑ Clean-up of hazardous waste
6
Environmental Law
■ Natural capital — air, water, soil and every manner of
natural resources
■ Externalities — the side effects of private actions,
typically commercial, that are borne by third parties
instead of the creator
■ Polluter Pays Principle — requires the creator or
generator of the pollution to pay for its effects,
including externalities
7
Key Terms
■ Complete reading assignments.
■ Complete writing assignments.
■ Answer discussion questions.
■ Complete unit quiz.
8
What’s Next?
■ Fandl, K. J. (2019). Law and public policy. New
York, NY: Routledge.
9
References
MPA 6
1
1
Public and Administrative Law
Belhaven University
Unit
6
Laws and Policies on Nutritional Assistance
and the Environment
1
■ Development of America’s Nutrition Assistance Policies,
Including Access, Eligibility, Benefit Levels, and
Administration
■ History of
Environmental Law
■ Natural Capital and Its Protection
■ Externalities
■ The “Polluter Pays” Principle
■ Environmental Justice
■ Personal Property Rights
■ Major Environmental Legislation
2
Unit 6 Topics
■ Food Stamp Program
❑ Began during the Great Depression
■ Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
■ Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities
Reconciliation Act of 1996
❑ Temporary Assistance to Needy (TANF)
■ Food Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (the
“Farm Bill”)
■ Farm Bill of 2018 (12/20/2018)
❑ Largely, maintains SNAP benefits and eligibility requirements
3
Nutrition Assistance Legislation
■ Food and Drugs Act
■ Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
■ Wheeler-Lea Act
■ Nutrition Labeling and Education Act
■ Organic Foods Production Act
■
Food Safety
Modernization Act
4
Food Safety
■ Food and Drug Administration
❑ regulatory authority over most of the food system
■ human and veterinary drugs, vaccines, medical devices,
cosmetics, supplements, tobacco, and food (except meat
and eggs)
■ Environmental Protection Agency
❑ regulates use of pesticides, including those applied to
food crops
■ Department of
Agriculture
❑ regulates meats and eggs
5
Agriculture
■ Broad area of law that governs the interactions
between human beings and their environment
■ Includes regulations affecting:
❑ Pollution
❑ Natural resources
❑ Chemical use and disposal
❑ Clean-up of hazardous waste
6
Environmental Law
■ Natural capital — air, water, soil and every manner of
natural resources
■ Externalities — the side effects of private actions,
typically commercial, that are borne by third parties
instead of the creator
■ Polluter Pays Principle — requires the creator or
generator of the pollution to pay for its effects,
including externalities
7
Key Terms
■ Complete reading assignments.
■ Complete writing assignments.
■ Answer discussion questions.
■ Complete unit quiz.
8
What’s Next?
■ Fandl, K. J. (2019). Law and public policy. New
York, NY: Routledge.
9
References