Concept Essay

 

Explaining a Concept

OVERVIEW 

Minimum Word Count: 1000

Maximum Word Count: 1300 

Use a minimum of 3 (THREE) sources. At least 1 (one) source must come from the library database. Make sure all sources are credible. 

FORMAT 

MLA Format

Margins: 1”

Font: 12-point Courier New or New Times Roman

Double-spaced

Paginated 

Name, date, class section in upper left-hand corner of 1st page.

No cover sheets, please! 

Description: 

Write an academic concept paper for an audience of your peers. You will take one of the abstract/semi-abstract concepts provided for you and articulate for your classmates exactly WHAT it is. Use concrete details to support your description. Your paper should:

*Delineate 3 to 5 primary characteristics of your topic

*Use details from source material to support points

*Have a strong, clear thesis

*Use a minimum of 3 sources

*Provide clear definitions

*Anticipate the reader’s questions

*Use logical transitions to guide the reader from thesis to conclusion

Explaining a Concept

OVERVIEW

Minimum Word Count: 1000

Maximum Word Count: 1300

Use a minimum of 3 (THREE) sources. At least 1 (one) source must come from the library database. Make sure all sources are credible.

FORMAT

MLA Format

Margins: 1”

Font: 12-point Courier New or New Times Roman

Double-spaced

Paginated

Name, date, class section in upper left-hand corner of 1st page.

No cover sheets, please!

Description:

Write an academic concept paper for an audience of your peers. You will take one of the abstract/semi-abstract concepts provided for you and articulate for your classmates exactly WHAT it is. Use concrete details to support your description. Your paper should:

*Delineate 3 to 5 primary characteristics of your topic

*Use details from source material to support points

*Have a strong, clear thesis

*Use a minimum of 3 sources

*Provide clear definitions

*Anticipate the reader’s questions

*Use logical transitions to guide the reader from thesis to

conclusion

Strive to write a paper that flows from sentence-to-sentence and paragraph-to-paragraph.

The present pandemic Covid-19 has set us thinking that despite such scientific advances, the whole world is literally

on its knees when dealing with its spread and containment. While humanity is aiming for Mars and beyond, yet

when it comes to handling life peacefully on earth, we were found wanting. This article spells out some strategies

and thoughts on how Covid19 and other pandemics which we may encounter can be better handled as a part of our

life, without putting everything to a standstill. These steps will be useful as they are scientifically based and

designed to counter the unchecked spread of any virus-like activity.

Keywords: COVID-19, masks, public sanitizations, air circulatory system, domestic sanitization, immunity

The question is not about how to solve a problem anymore; it’s about

why we haven’t solved it yet? As scientists or budding scientists, one

is always fascinated by the beauty of how science unravels the

mysteries of the universe and how every single layer of mystery peeled

back, reveals a fresh layer of questions to be answered, thus preserving

the excitement of unravelling and discovering.

Many things and events unfold themselves when we look back

into the past. In an ongoing crisis, there can be confusion about what

solutions may work (or not). This crisis in a way is nature’s question

paper, but are we answering the right questions? Subjects include

Humanity, Global solutions for everyone-Equality, Technology,

Peace, Responsibility. In a way, we thought ourselves to be

invincible as a race, dominating Mother Earth’s other children

(species), but now we have been humbled by something so small that

we can’t even comprehend it. And it affects only us. In our cages we

realise the birds are out there, the air becomes cleaner, Mother

Nature carries on – almost letting us know that we don’t matter any

more than her other creations. The situation is similar to when a good

teacher helps the bully realise what she/he is, through her/his own

realisation, thereby helping to transform herself/himself into a better

person. If we survived this “event” we owe it to those who paid a very

heavy price to be worthy of such sacrifice, we ought to be better

humans. We have learnt how to survive a very stressful event which

will bring all of humanity together through their suffering.

We’re currently halfway through 2020, and it has been almost half

a year since the Coronavirus has struck normality, and created such

grave abnormalities which we term as new-normal. The forced

lockdown gave us an opportunity to start afresh and integrate some

healthy habits into our lifestyle.

Face masks and their technology

Masks should be quick and easy to sterilize. Since the virus is a sub-

microscopic (nanoscopic) particle that is about six nanometers in

size, many times most of the traditional masks are unable to trap it.

So, the new masks should be redesigned in a way not only to trap but

also immobilize the virus within itself.

Previous testing had shown that copper-based materials have

good antiviral/antibacterial/antimicrobial properties. The new

version of masks using copper fibres can destroy the virus within

itself (Singh et al., 2020). As a more sustainable solution, these

masks due to their repeated usage may require regular rejuvenation,

which can be done using nano-silver (Siddiqi et al., 2018). Nano-

silver also has powerful anti-viral/anti-microbial properties.

Solutions made of silver nanoparticles are often sprayed on the

masks to disinfect and prolong its service life. This hybrid addition

of copper nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles can make masks

reusable and self-disinfecting, which could solve three problems in

one go; i) Sustainable protection ii) environmentally benign and

non-polluting and iii) Effective protection against viral and

pathogenic diseases.

But the most promising development is a mask using electrospun

PVDF filter. With mean fibre diameter of 191 to 525 nm, which can

be electrostatically charged by Corona Discharge, produces > 90%

efficiency compared to 50% efficiency for N95 mask of earlier

times. What is remarkable is that once charged, it retains the charge

for many months and consistently gives > 90% efficiency (Leung &

Sun, 2020).

Similar science has been extended to even personal hygiene

products like sanitizers. Sanitizers can be replaced by specific gel-

based solutions infused with silver or copper nanoparticles (having

© 2020 Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare

ISSN-p-2229-5356,e-2321-3698

NAAS Ratings 4.13

Countering future COVID-19 like pandemics: Strategies

and thoughts

1 2
Arshiya Khosla and Gaurav Verma

1
Carmel Convent School, Sector 9B, Chandigarh , Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Dr Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar

2
University Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Panjab University,

Sector 14, Chandigarh (formerly)

2
Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (UIEAST),

Panjab University, Chandigarh

Indian Journal of Health and Well-being

2020, 11(7-9), 288-292

Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing

Author Note
1

Arshiya Khosla

Carmel Convent School, Sector 9B, Chandigarh

2
Gaurav Verma, Department of Chemical Engineering &

Technology Dr Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar University Institute

of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Panjab University

Sector 14, Chandigarh (formerly)

Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (UIEAST)

Panjab University, Chandigarh

E-mail: gauravverma@pu.ac.in, gauravvermas@gmail.com

We have no known conflict of interest to disclose

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to

Arshiya Khosla
Carmel Convent School, Sector 9B, Chandigarh

E-mail: arshiya.khosla@gmail.com

antiviral/ antibacterial properties) (Blanken et al., 1987; Wigger-

Alberti & Elsner, 1998). Upon being applied on the hand for some

time, it creates a thin, skin-like layer or ‘glove’ that can be removed

on simple washing of hands with soap. This pseudo-glove acts as

added protection for people using public transport and can help curb

further infection. The technology can be further innovated by

making it smart and responsive. Provided some device tells us that

the protective coating is depleting and needs re-application. For

example, a display on wristwatches that indicates the depletion of the

layer. Similar to a chargeable battery indicator. The thickness of the

coating on the skin can be evaluated by a piezoelectric sensor

attached to the base of the watch. The thickness will be sensed by this

device and indicated in the display of the wristwatch.

Public place santisations

We live in a well-connected world, and global citizenship involves

frequent travelling, tourism and exchange. Hence International

public transport becomes inevitable. With the rise of the ‘Pandemic

era’, the physical and social distancing became a new norm, thus

contradicting the concept of global citizens who undertake the use of

such transports. Airports can now come up with spray chambers to

disinfect the entire body of the person, including their outfit through

the “Body Armor” method (Periyasamy et al., 2020). In this

technique, the user’s head is outside the chamber, while the rest of the

body is disinfected using an air-dry method so that clothes are not

drenched. This spray is similar in technique to the skin-like glove

coating and acts as additional precaution that can help eliminate PPE

kits’ requirement, which is sometimes visually discomforting for

people to wear or for others to see. In addition to the external

disinfecting technique like above which can be installed at airports,

railway stations, metro trains, buses, ships and cruises; personal

clothing and apparels can also be self-disinfecting. Shoes have

copper-infused soles so that people do not bring viruses to their

homes and other buildings. Additionally, electrically charged

doormats could be placed outside buildings to neutralise the base of

the shoe. The person has to stand on it for a few seconds to ensure that

the maximum of the virus gets killed. These mats also have pressure

sensors to count the number of people within a building or a store.

When the number of people allowed as per physical distancing

norms in those premises based on the floor area is reached, it

automatically closes the doors and waits till people exit before

allowing more people into the premises. This is especially useful in

regions frequented like hospitals, public buildings, malls museums

and workplaces.

Using specialised light beams

Research has shown that a specific range of ultraviolet light (UV-B)

can disarm the virus without mutating it (Buonanno et al., 2017).

Hospitals, hotels and other accommodations have rooms that can be

disinfected using a UV light lamp (Ali & Alharbi, 2020) and

(Buonanno et al., 2017). An ionizer is also provided to produce

negatively charged electrons that attach to the virus and disable it.

Upon checking out of the room, the light turns amber, indicating that

the UV light and the ionizer had been turned on for a stipulated time,

thereby disarming any virus in the room. In conjunction, all of the

above-mentioned steps could be quite effective for sanitizing

hospitals, hotels, and public living places.

A better solution could also be to fit all public transport vehicles

with a UV-based decontamination lighting. It turns on after every

three hours for about twenty minutes to disinfect the vehicle. The

same practise should be extended to private aeroplanes, trains, cabs

and buses as well. These UV light systems may only be activated

when the passengers are not present and periodic activation can

minimize the spread of infections and pathogens through common

surfaces in shared transport. Due precaution is needed to avoid

human exposure.

The most promising development has been the invention of

SHYCOCAN (Scalene Hypercharge Corona Canon. SHYCOCAN

is a device designed to release a very high concentration of

environmentally safe electrons using proprietary Photon-Mediated

Electron Emitters (PMEEs) made with a super alloy to emit and

excite photons with the required kinetic energy. As the photons

bombard bulk surfaces and suspended particles in confined

environments, the emanated electron cloud actively ‘disarms’ air and

surface transmission of the Corona family of viruses. The

SHYCOCAN does not use any chemicals, nor does it produce ozone,

or ionize the air to produce reactive oxygen species, oxides of

nitrogen or other harmful compounds. The device can be safely

deployed in all environments inhabited by people, be it very large or

small enclosed spaces.

The attachment of the SARS-CoV-2 to the host cell receptor is

mediated by the spike protein (S-protein). The hyper charge

electrons flooding exposed areas are ‘attracted’ to the virus’ S-

protein, thereby disabling infectivity. Data from lab studies have

indicated significant viricidal impact with a 3.435 Log10 reduction

demonstrated in an EPA-approved phylogenetic surrogate, resulting

in 99.9% reduction in infectivity. There is also emerging evidence

for the significant disabling of the Influenza B viral capsid (a strain

within the coronavirus family), by the SHYCOCAN. The device can

also possibly be deployed in pig and chicken farms to prevent the

transmission of the G4-EA-H1N1 virus, described as being highly

adapted to infect humans.

“Physically attenuating and disabling active viral transmission

with a design-registered device using patent-protected PMEEs, the

SHYCOCAN will help create ‘safer zones’ in homes, health care

facilities, grocery chains, eateries, schools, etc. (Augustus, n.d.;

Microsoft Word – COVID-19 -SHYCOCAN-White Paper, n.d.)

In order to have self-sanitising surfaces, paints could also be

developed with silver nanoparticles mixed in them. These paints can

be applied (replenished) after periodic intervals on doorknobs,

switches, and other commonly touched surfaces so that no virus can

survive, and its proliferation is minimized. Nanostructures in the

paint could immobilize and inactivate the virus at a fast rate

(Bechtold et al., 2020). It is for further study to understand how the

anti-viral, anti-bacterial life of paints is effected with time and

frequency of touch of humans.

Air circulatory systems

Making an airplane travel safe is more complicated as social

distancing is much less compared to other modes of transport.

Usually, all airplanes are cramped for space and the air circulation

system is potentially dangerous for passengers. Since the air is

recirculated in planes, they require a mix of ionization technology

and highly activated air filters of copper or silver nanoparticles. The

air’s exchange rate has to be regulated to remove and filter out any

virus particles. A kind of “pasteurization effect” is created by

circulating the air through tubes coming out to the surface of the

aircraft where the temperature is between -40° C and -57° C and

289 Indian Journal of Health and Well-being 2020, 11(7-9), 288-292

cabin temperature between 22°C and 24°C (Moldgy et al., 2020; Yap

et al., 2020). The temperature change is from 60°C to 81°C. This

rapid change in air temperature leads to the breaking of the virus

shell as around 60° C (a spike of about 60° C should be enough) to

kill the virus and then cool it to cabin temperature. Also, the flow of

air in the system can be designed to be higher than the average

breathing rate so that the sanitized air is sucked in rather than the

breath of a co-passenger. This basically implies that every single

passenger has a vortex of air over her/his head which is regulated in a

manner that can contain the exchange of pathogens in active

breathing. The air is circulated in an up-down manner (rather than

front-to-back) It is like a circular ring around every row series. The

air is taken up in the particular ring of say 2+4+2=8 persons which

can be “pasteurized” more easily. The Peak expiratory flow (PEF) is

measured in litres per minute. Average adult peak flow scores range

between around 400 and 700 litres per minute. Accordingly, the

speed of filtration airflow should be higher to ensure breath from one

person to the other is not there. Airlines may have to review the

effects of how the frequent air circulation will affect the fuel

efficiency and the flying distance of the flights.

Airlines should also introduce automatic food tray vending

machines at boarding terminals to give food trays to passengers. This

can be done by scanning the boarding pass of passengers before they

board the flight to minimize contact and carriage of infection. Or

there can be an app which updates the menu on a daily basis.

Passengers can make a selection of say 5 items out of 20 options. On

a complementary or paid basis, once an order is processed

beforehand, the QR code is generated and the passenger just scans

the code. The items come on a conveyor and the passenger collects

the items and leaves. The airport lounges and other seating

arrangements also may follow similar protocols to minimize the

spread of infection (Gubbini & Demaggio, 2003).

Scanning and identifying touch points

A revolutionary innovation could be the “Thermo Cam”, in which

traditional CCTV camera hardware/software could be modified to

create trace lines or heat maps in closed areas. Also, Raspberry Pi

with cameras are adapted for new or remote installations for the

movement and touch point tracking. This shows where the

maximum movement of people is happening in a closed area and

identifies all the places that people have touched most frequently.

These cameras feed the data to an augmented reality software

platform, interfaced to a disinfecting robot armed with UV

light/ionised beams for disinfecting the target areas (Antoine et al.,

2019; Dziedzic et al., 2019; Oleg et al., 2019). This technology can

be adopted by cinema halls, malls, auditoriums and museums etc

where public presence is maximum. Blind spots may need to be

identified for areas not coming in the field of view.

Personal fitness and immunity

For avoiding pandemic spreads and also ensuring they do not

adversely affect the masses in a big way, personal fitness is a

deterrent for community spread. Monitoring fitness through

technology can help the government and communities to keep a

check on pandemics. This includes health apps paired with fitness

watches such as Fitbits and Apple. These health tracking devices

have an additional feature that can monitor body temperature and

oxygen saturation levels (to give a direct correlation with the

condition of lungs). Any drastic changes could be an indication of

changing health conditions which can be corrected in the early stages

by putting the patient under care, observation and medical attention

(if needed) (Radin et al., 2020; Seshadri et al., 2020; Wearables for

COVID-19 Remote Monitoring, n.d.). These apps could use

machine learning to collect big data points of the person over the last

15 days to track significant changes in parameters like heart rate,

oxygen saturation levels, and body temperature. By comparing with

previously collected data on COVID-19 positive patients,

monitoring these trends could greatly help in diagnosis, isolation and

treatment in the very early stages, as compared to traditional

symptoms being noted by people at a later stage.

Artificial intelligence and machine learning

In densely populated cities, the use of machine learning and artificial

intelligence technologies can be beneficial for containing the spread

of the virus. To ensure that social distancing norms are being strictly

followed, mobile apps connected with Bluetooth can be paired and

data can be analyzed. Any violation in the norms can be quickly

recorded and violators can be suitably reprimanded. This is done by

sensing the Bluetooth signal strength according to the mobile’s

proximity. It measures the original Bluetooth signal as an initial

reference point and at multiple distances from 2 to 12 feet, increment

of 1 feet calibrations can be done. This calibration requires full

battery charge so that the app can relate bluetooth strength on full

charge. As mobile battery level goes down, the bluetooth strength is

accordingly compensated (Gorji et al., n.d.; Hatke et al., 2020;

Lalmuanawma et al., 2020; Munir et al., n.d.). Again, using big data,

we can analyze to see if the Bluetooth strength is strong or weak,

indicating that the person is in a crowded space or is too close to other

people. This technology can be especially useful for parents to

monitor their children in schools and colleges. One of the easiest

deterrents can be 3 times the community service minutes for the

number of violation minutes/week.

The next wave of development similar to Google Glass

technology is adding inward facing cameras for both eyes, that scan

the retina and derive numerous medical inputs, additionally from the

various combinations of heart rate, body temperature, and oxygen

saturation levels in conjunction with the smart wristwatches. This

can be useful for early detection and management using AI for

diseases like Hypertension, Diabetes, Alzheimers, etc. (Abràmoff et

al., 2018; de Hoz et al., 2018; Garcia-Martin et al., 2014; Gulshan et

al., 2016; Ratner, 2018; Salobrar-Garcia, Hoyas, Leal, de Hoz,

Rojas, Ramirez, Salazar, Yubero, Gil, Triviño, & Others, 2015;

Salobrar-Garcia, Hoyas, Leal, de Hoz, Rojas, Ramirez, Salazar,

Yubero, Gil, Triviño, & Ramirez, 2015; Ting et al., 2018)

Google’s wearable spectacle-based technology can scan for changes

in different bodily functions. This technology can help to

significantly develop the individual’s independent wearable data by

giving real-time inputs rather than waiting for lab tests. Imagine the

amount of reduction in time and spread of infection which was

otherwise happening when we had to go to hospitals for our

diagnosis.

For safety and privacy of the users, it will become more relevant

for personal data to be safely stored in encrypted format to protect

from being misused/sold/hacked. Ethical policies will be needed

more than ever before.

Diagnostic equipments and apps

Another interesting development is an app called “mobile lung

290KHOSLA AND VERMA/ COUNTERING FUTURE COVID-19 LIKE PANDEMICS

stethoscope”, which analyzes breath sounds and different sound

patterns emitted in the process like pitch and wheezing by their

acceleration/ deceleration. The person has to blow into their mobile’s

microphone for a stipulated time at the highest speed. A particular

distance also has to be maintained from the microphone. A 3D

printed spacer is used to make the distance and focus consistent for

the person, and ensure that the readings do not change because of

these variations. This 3D printed amplification gets easily clipped, to

the mobile and helps monitor your respiratory condition over a

period of time (Chamberlain et al., 2015; Lee, 2012; Pavlosky et al.,

2018; Radin et al., 2020).

For lung related diseases and pandemics targeting lung capacity

like Covid19, there is a need to enhance breathing capacity. To

encourage more people to check their health daily, this app also

suggests pranayama exercises to improve oxygen capacity of our

lungs and can periodically check the enhanced capacity. The more

deep breaths we take, retain and release, the more points we gain for

our health profile. The peak expiratory flow (PEF) change can be

monitored through this app.

Personal household equipments

Air conditioners are a part of everyone’s lifestyle. As a safety

measure, their filters can be equipped with a modification to

include active trapping and elimination of the virus. An indicator

or a virus gauge meter may let us know if immobilization has been

complete. These air conditioners can be connected to mobile

devices using the Internet of Things (IoT0, & the filtration process

can be customized according to the room to evaluate the quality of

air and certify that the ambient environment is virus free. The

intake from the input side of the compressor is also added with an

additional filter. This ensures that charged air is drawn (Hyun et

al., 2017; Maeng et al., 2015; Xiao et al., 2020). Apart from ACs

other personal care and hygiene equipment like washing machines

can be remodelled. Washing machines can be reconfigured to have

the last wash cycle extended with UV-like bursts within the

washing machine, thereby removing any possibility of microbial

contaminants. The wash temperature can also be increased to

above 65°C (149°F) which leads to near-full inactivation of

Coronavirus in 3 minutes (Abraham et al., 2020; Hu et al., 2020).

Cloth detergent companies may also release a new range of

detergent that has a particular composition of copper particles

mixed in it. While washing clothes, the detergent foam generated

is used to not only disinfect clothes, but also give them antiviral /

antibacterial properties. This method could help minimize the risk

of bringing in the virus from garments and enabled people to

increase their mobility (Gabbay et al., 2006; Gao & Cranston,

2008; Kanade & Patel, 2017).

Utensils

Copper has been a part of many ancient cultures and has been used to

make utensils act as a natural disinfectant for water. Archaeologists

and scientists were convinced that storage of water in a copper jug

overnight and usage of copper glasses should be promoted for

boosting of immunity. The effect of ‘copperized water’ on the virus

can also be seen on whether rinsing of hands with this water could

naturally remove any viruses (Roos, 2020; Wolff et al., 2020). This

could be an interesting revelation as usage of copper vessels and its

slow ‘release’ by way of a nanochemistry could offer many anti

bacterial and anti viral solutions.

Conclusion

One of the triggering conditions for the fusion of Coronavirus with a

human cell is acidified endosomes on the surface of the cell. In other

words, the virus needs a low pH environment to thrive. Once the

patient starts experiencing some coughing and minor trouble with

breathing his / her level of CO in the body is rising as the lungs have 2
a worse capacity to eliminate it. The increase of CO in the body 2
leads to a decrease in pH of the body as CO adds acidity. This in turn 2
gives Coronavirus even better conditions for virus fusion and for

causing damage to human lungs and thus continue to increase a level

of CO in the body (as the lungs get infected even more) and to 2
increase acidity in the body (lowering pH) . Hence there is a need to

balance the amount of CO and pH inside the body. As a conclusion, a 2
suggested way of medical intervention here: first we need to observe

patients (pH level) using ABG tests (or others) regularly and keep the

pH factor under control, possibly via using sodium carbonate

(Na CO ) as acidity regulator, which has a low toxicity. It is 2 3
understood that currently Covid19 patients are checked for a level of

Oxygen in the blood but this check is sometimes insufficient. Even if

the Oxygen level in patients drops we still need to keep a hold of the

pH factor in the body, keep it under control, and thus slow the spread

development of the virus. This is expected to stabilize the conditions

and keep the drop of Oxygen level as low as possible to allow the

immune system to fight off the virus. Coronavirus does not thrive in

an alkaline environment of pH= 8 and above, any substance without

side effects that can be taken to keep the body’s pH level at 8 and

above can help fight the SARS-N Cov-2 virus.

To fight and counter viruses we may have to adopt novel ways

suggested and discussed in this perspective article. For preparing

ourselves for current and future pandemics, there is no harm in

exploring alternative medications like ayurvedic, unani,

homeopathic etc. In this manner we may not only get ourselves back

to normalisation but also ensure that we are well equipped to face

serious situations in future.

References
Abraham, J. P., Plourde, B. D., & Cheng, L. (2020). Using heat to kill SARS-CoV-2.

Reviews in Medical Virology, 30(5), e2115. Https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2115

Abràmoff, M. D., Lavin, P. T., Birch, M., Shah, N., & Folk, J. C. (2018). Pivotal trial of

an autonomous AI-based diagnostic system for detection of diabetic retinopathy in

primary care offices. NP Journal of Digital Medicine, 1, 39. Https://doi.org/10.

1038/s41746-018-0040-6

Ali, I., & Alharbi, O. M. L. (2020). COVID-19: Disease, management, treatment, and

social impact. The Science of the Total Environment, 728, 138861. Https://doi.org/

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138861

Antoine, A., Malacria, S., Marquardt, N., & Casiez, G. (2019). Esquisse: Using 3D

models staging to facilitate the creation of vector-based trace figures. Human-

Computer Interaction Interact, pp. 496-516. Https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-

29384-0_30

Augustus, R. J. (n.d.). To whomsoever it may concern. Https://www.shreis.org/ s/Shreis-

Scalene-COVID-19-SHYCOCAN-White-Paper

Bechtold, M., Valério, A., Ulson de Souza, A. A., de Oliveira, D., Franco, C. V., Serafim,

R., Guelli, U., & Souza, S.M.A. (2020). Synthesis and application of silver

nanoparticles as biocidal agent in polyurethane coating. Journal of Coatings

Technology and Research, 17(3), 613-620. Https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-019-

00297-0

Blanken, R., Nater, J. P., & Veenhoff, E. (1987). Protective effect of barrier creams and

spray coatings against epoxy resins. Contact Dermatitis, 16(2), 79-83.

Https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1987.tb01383.x

Buonanno, M., Ponnaiya, B., Welch, D., Stanislauskas, M., Randers-Pehrson, G.,

Smilenov, L., Lowy, F. D., Owens, D. M., & Brenner, D. J. (2017). Germicidal

efficacy and mammalian skin safety of 222-nm UV light. Radiation Research,

187(4), 483-491. Https://doi.org/10.1667/RR0010CC.1

291 Indian Journal of Health and Well-being 2020, 11(7-9), 288-292

Chamberlain, D., Mofor, J., Fletcher, R., & Kodgule, R. (2015). Mobile stethoscope and

signal processing algorithms for pulmonary screening and diagnostics. 2015 IEEE

Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC), pp. 385-392. Https://doi.

org/10. 1109/GHTC.2015.7344001

Copper, An Ancient Remedy Returning to Fight Microbial, Fungal & Viral Infections

(n.d.). Retrieved April 29, 2020, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gadi_

Borkow/publication/233589535_Copper_An_Ancient_Remedy_Returning_to_Fi

ght_Microbial_Fungal_and_Viral_Infections/links/0a85e532e873574ee9000000/

Copper-An-Ancient-Remedy-Returning-to-Fight-Microbial-Fungal-and-Viral-

Infections

de Hoz, R., Ramírez, A. I., González-Martín, R., Ajoy, D., Rojas, B., Salobrar-Garcia, E.,

Valiente-Soriano, F. J., Avilés-Trigueros, M., Villegas-Pérez, M. P., Vidal-Sanz, M.,

Triviño, A., Ramírez, J. M., & Salazar, J. J. (2018). Bilateral early activation of retinal

microglial cells in a mouse model of unilateral laser-induced experimental ocular

hypertension. Experimental Eye Research, 171, 1229. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.e

xer.2018.03.006

Dziedzic, J. W., Da, Y., & Novakovic, V. (2019). Indoor occupant behaviour monitoring

with the use of a depth registration camera. Building and Environment, 148, 44-54.

Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.10.032

Gabbay, J., Borkow, G., Mishal, J., Magen, E., Zatcoff, R., & Shemer-Avni, Y. (2006).

Copper oxide impregnated textiles with potent biocidal activities. Journal of

Industrial Textiles, 35(4), 323-335. Https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083706060785

Gao, Y., & Cranston, R. (2008). Recent advances in antimicrobial treatments of textiles.

Textile Research Journal, 78(1), 60-72. Https://doi.org/10.1177/004051

7507082332

Garcia-Martin, E. S., Rojas, B., Ramirez, A. I., de Hoz, R., Salazar, J. J., Yubero, R., Gil,

P., Triviño, A., & Ramirez, J. M. (2014). Macular thickness as a potential biomarker

of mild Alzheimer’s disease. Ophthalmology, 121(5), 1149-1151.e3. Https://doi.

org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.12.023

Gorji, H., Arnoldini, M., Jenny, D. F., Hardt, W.D., & Jenny, P. (n.d.). 1 STeCC: Smart

testing with contact counting enhances Covid-19 Mitigation by Bluetooth 2 App

based contact tracing. Https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.27.20045237

Gubbini, A., & Demaggio, G. (2003). Vending apparatus for dispensing hot pizzas.

United States Patent and Trademark Office. Https://patents.google.com/patent/

US6550632B2/en

Gulshan, V., Peng, L., Coram, M., Stumpe, M. C., Wu, D., Narayanaswamy, A.,

Venugopalan, S., Widner, K., Madams, T., Cuadros, J., Kim, R., Raman, R., Nelson,

P. C., Mega, J. L., & Webster, D. R. (2016). Development and validation of a deep

learning algorithm for detection of diabetic retinopathy in retinal fundus

photographs. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 316(22),

2402-2410. Https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.17216

Hatke, G. F., Montanari, M., Appadwedula, S., Wentz, M., Meklenburg, J., Ivers, L.,

Watson, J., & Fiore, P. (2020). Using bluetooth low energy (BLE) signal strength

estimation to facilitate contact tracing for COVID-19. In arXiv [eess.SP]. arXiv.

Http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.15711

Hu, X., An, T., Situ, B., Hu, Y., Ou, Z., Li, Q., He, X., Zhang, Y., Tian, P., Sun, D., Rui, Y.,

Wang, Q., Ding, D., & Zheng, L. (2020). Heat inactivation of serum interferes with

the immunoanalysis of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Clinical Laboratory

Analysis, e23411. Https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.23411

Hyun, J., Lee, S.G., & Hwang, J. (2017). Application of corona discharge-generated air

ions for filtration of aerosolized virus and inactivation of filtered virus. Journal of

Aerosol Science, 107, 31-40. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2017.02.004

Kanade, P., & Patel, B. (2017). Copper nano-sol loaded woven fabrics: Structure and

color characterization. Fashion and Textiles, 4(1), 10. Https://doi.org/10.1186/s4069

1-017-0094-0

Lalmuanawma, S., Hussain, J., & Chhakchhuak, L. (2020). Applications of machine

learning and artificial intelligence for Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic: A review.

Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 139, 1100-1159. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.

2020.110059

Lee, B. H. (2012). Mobile phone with a stethoscope. United States Patent and Trademark

Office. Https://patents.google.com/patent/US8200277B2/en

Maeng, J. H., Lim, D. N., Hong, S. J., Byun, Y. S., & Jeong, D. S. (2015). Air conditioner

including virus removal device. United States Patent and Trademark Office.

Https://patents.google.com/patent/US9157642B2/en

Microsoft Word – COVID-19 -SHYCOCAN-White Paper (n.d.). Https://static1.squares

pace.com/static/5c79701c7d0c913fadb10bbe/t/5e92d07cbe74603c92ddf8e6/1586

679966462/Shreis-Scalene+-+COVID-19++-SHYCOCAN-White+Paper

Moldgy, A., Nayak, G., Aboubakr, H. A., Goyal, S. M., & Bruggeman, P. (2020).

Inactivation of virus and bacteria using cold atmospheric pressure air plasmas and

the role of reactive nitrogen species. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 50(14),

145-201. Https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aba066

Munir, M. S., Do Hyeon, K., Abedin, S. F., & Hong, C. S. (n.d.). A risk-sensitive social

distance recommendation system via bluetooth towards the COVID-19 private

safety. Http://networking.khu.ac.kr/layouts/net/publications/data/KCC2020/13-

348

Oleg, I., Sevostyanov, R., Degtyarev, A., Karpiy, P. E., Kuzevanova, E. G., Kitaeva, A.

A., & Sergiev, S. A. (2019). Position tracking in 3D space based on a data of a single

camera. Computational Science and Its Applications ICCSA 2019, pp. 772-781.

Https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24305-0_58

Pavlosky, A., Glauche, J., Chambers, S., Al-Alawi, M., Yanev, K., & Loubani, T. (2018).

Validation of an effective, low cost, Free/open access 3D-printed stethoscope. PloS

One, 13(3), e0193087. Https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193087

Periyasamy, A. P., Venkataraman, M., Kremenakova, D., Militky, J., & Zhou, Y. (2020).

Progress in sol-gel technology for the coatings of fabrics. Materials, 13(8), 1838.

Https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13081838

Radin, J. M., Wineinger, N. E., Topol, E. J., & Steinhubl, S. R. (2020). Harnessing

wearable device data to improve state-level real-time surveillance of influenza-like

illness in the USA: A population-based study. The Lancet Digital Health, 2(2), e85-

e93. Https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(19)30222-5

Ratner, M. (2018). FDA backs clinician-free AI imaging diagnostic tools. Nature

Biotechnology, 36(8), 673-674. Https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0818-673a

Roos, Y. H. (2020). Water and pathogenic viruses inactivation food engineering

perspectives. Food Engineering Reviews, 12(3), 251-267. Https://doi.org/10.1007/s

12393-020-09234-z

Salobrar-Garcia, E., Hoyas, I., Leal, M., de Hoz, R., Rojas, B., Ramirez, A. I., Salazar, J.

J., Yubero, R., Gil, P., & Triviño, A. (2015). Analysis of retinal peripapillary

segmentation in early Alzheimer’s disease patients. BioMed Research International,

15, 14. Https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/636548/abs/

Salobrar-Garcia, E., Hoyas, I., Leal, M., de Hoz, R., Rojas, B., Ramirez, A. I., Salazar, J.

J., Yubero, R., Gil, P., Triviño, A., & Ramirez, J. M. (2015). Analysis of retinal

peripapillary segmentation in early alzheimer’s disease patients. BioMed Research

International, 2015, pp. 636-548. Https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/636548

Seshadri, D. R., Davies, E. V., Harlow, E. R., Hsu, J. J., Knighton, S. C., Walker, T. A.,

Voos, J. E., & Drummond, C. K. (2020). Wearable sensors for COVID-19: A call to

action to harness our digital infrastructure for remote patient monitoring and virtual

assessments. Frontiers in Digital Health, 2, 8. Https://doi.org/10.3389/ fdgth.2020.

00008

Siddiqi, K. S., Husen, A., & Rao, R. A. K. (2018). A review on biosynthesis of silver

nanoparticles and their biocidal properties. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 16(1),

14. Https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-018-0334-5

Singh, S., Sharma, N., Singh, U., Singh, T., Mangal, D. K., & Singh, V. (2020).

Nasopharyngeal wash in preventing and treating upper respiratory tract infections:

Could it prevent COVID-19? Lung India: Official Organ of Indian Chest Society,

37(3), 246-251. Https://doi.org/10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_241_20

Ting, D. S. W., Liu, Y., Burlina, P., Xu, X., Bressler, N. M., & Wong, T. Y. (2018). AI for

medical imaging goes deep. Nature Medicine, 24(5), 539-540. Https://doi.org/10.

1038/s41591-018-0029-3

Wearables for COVID-19 Remote Monitoring (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2020, from

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1rPvE3cBtMIfVhpSYqOpLy2WgEDaHq

Y1CEpyGSRVFUaI/edit

Wigger-Alberti, W., & Elsner, P. (1998). Do barrier creams and gloves prevent or

provoke contact dermatitis? American Journal of Contact Dermatitis: Official

Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society, 9(2), 100-106. Https://doi.org/

10.1016/S1046-199X(98)90005-7

Wolff, A., Günther, T., Albert, T., Schilling-Loeffler, K., Gadicherla, A. K., & Johne, R.

(2020). Stability of hepatitis E virus at different pH values. International Journal of

Food Microbiology, 325, 108625. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmic ro.2020.10

8625

Woon Fong Leung, W., & Sun, Q. (2020). Electrostatic charged nanofiber filter for

filtering airborne novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and nano-aerosols. Separation and

Purification Technology, pp. 1168-1186. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.1

16886

Xiao, R., Jinhan, M. O., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Air purification piece and air purification

module (USPTO Patent No. 20200182496:A1). In US Patent (No. 20200182496:

A1). Https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/bb/e0/e4/56f6e15822ab

8a/US20200182496A1

Yap, T. F., Liu, Z., Shveda, R. A., & Preston, D. (2020). A predictive model of the

temperature-dependent inactivation of coronaviruses. Https://chemrxiv.org/

articles/A_Predictive_Model_of_the_Temperature-Dependent_Inactivation_of_

Coronaviruses/12152970

Received August 25, 2020

Revision received September 5, 2020

Accepted September 6, 2020

292KHOSLA AND VERMA/ COUNTERING FUTURE COVID-19 LIKE PANDEMICS

Copyright of Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing is the property of Indian Association of
Health, Research & Welfare and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or
posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. However, users
may print, download, or email articles for individual use.