Hygiene
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1/24/20, 1:40 PM1910.132 – General requirements. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Page 1 of 4https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132
By Standard Number / 1910.132 – General requirements.
Part Number: 1910
Part Number Title: Occupational Safety and Health Standards
Subpart: 1910 Subpart I
Subpart Title: Personal Protective Equipment
Standard Number: 1910.132
Title: General requirements.
GPO Source: e-CFR
1910.132(a)
Application. Protective equipment, including personal protective equipment for eyes, face, head, and extremities, protective clothing, respiratory devices, and protective shields
and barriers, shall be provided, used, and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition wherever it is necessary by reason of hazards of processes or environment, chemical
hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption,
inhalation or physical contact.
1910.132(b)
Employee-owned equipment. Where employees provide their own protective equipment, the employer shall be responsible to assure its adequacy, including proper
maintenance, and sanitation of such equipment.
1910.132(c)
Design. All personal protective equipment shall be of safe design and construction for the work to be performed.
1910.132(d)
Hazard assessment and equipment selection.
1910.132(d)(1)
The employer shall assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). If
such hazards are present, or likely to be present, the employer shall:
1910.132(d)(1)(i)
Select, and have each affected employee use, the types of PPE that will protect the affected employee from the hazards identified in the hazard assessment;
1910.132(d)(1)(ii)
Communicate selection decisions to each affected employee; and,
1910.132(d)(1)(iii)
Select PPE that properly fits each affected employee.
Note: Non-mandatory appendix B contains an example of procedures that would comply with the requirement for a hazard assessment.
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https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/interlinking/standards/1910.132(c)
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https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/interlinking/standards/1910.132(d)(1)
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https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/interlinking/standards/1910.132(d)(1)(ii)
https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/interlinking/standards/1910.132(d)(1)(iii)
1/24/20, 1:40 PM1910.132 – General requirements. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Page 2 of 4https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132
Note: Non-mandatory appendix B contains an example of procedures that would comply with the requirement for a hazard assessment.
1910.132(d)(2)
The employer shall verify that the required workplace hazard assessment has been performed through a written certification that identifies the workplace evaluated; the person
certifying that the evaluation has been performed; the date(s) of the hazard assessment; and, which identifies the document as a certification of hazard assessment.
1910.132(e)
Defective and damaged equipment. Defective or damaged personal protective equipment shall not be used.
1910.132(f)
Training.
1910.132(f)(1)
The employer shall provide training to each employee who is required by this section to use PPE. Each such employee shall be trained to know at least the following:
1910.132(f)(1)(i)
When PPE is necessary;
1910.132(f)(1)(ii)
What PPE is necessary;
1910.132(f)(1)(iii)
How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE;
1910.132(f)(1)(iv)
The limitations of the PPE; and,
1910.132(f)(1)(v)
The proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of the PPE.
1910.132(f)(2)
Each affected employee shall demonstrate an understanding of the training specified in paragraph (f)(1) of this section, and the ability to use PPE properly, before being allowed
to perform work requiring the use of PPE.
1910.132(f)(3)
When the employer has reason to believe that any affected employee who has already been trained does not have the understanding and skill required by paragraph (f)(2) of this
section, the employer shall retrain each such employee. Circumstances where retraining is required include, but are not limited to, situations where:
1910.132(f)(3)(i)
Changes in the workplace render previous training obsolete; or
1910.132(f)(3)(ii)
Changes in the types of PPE to be used render previous training obsolete; or
https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/interlinking/standards/1910.132(d)(2)
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1/24/20, 1:40 PM1910.132 – General requirements. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Page 3 of 4https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132
1910.132(f)(3)(iii)
Inadequacies in an affected employee’s knowledge or use of assigned PPE indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill.
1910.132(g)
Paragraphs (d) and (f) of this section apply only to §§ 1910.133, 1910.135, 1910.136, 1910.138, and 1910.140. Paragraphs (d) and (f) of this section do not apply to §§ 1910.134
and 1910.137.
1910.132(h)
Payment for protective equipment.
1910.132(h)(1)
Except as provided by paragraphs (h)(2) through (h)(6) of this section, the protective equipment, including personal protective equipment (PPE), used to comply with this part,
shall be provided by the employer at no cost to employees.
1910.132(h)(2)
The employer is not required to pay for non-specialty safety-toe protective footwear (including steel-toe shoes or steel-toe boots) and non-specialty prescription safety eyewear,
provided that the employer permits such items to be worn off the job-site.
1910.132(h)(3)
When the employer provides metatarsal guards and allows the employee, at his or her request, to use shoes or boots with built-in metatarsal protection, the employer is not
required to reimburse the employee for the shoes or boots.
1910.132(h)(4)
The employer is not required to pay for:
1910.132(h)(4)(i)
The logging boots required by 29 CFR 1910.266(d)(1)(v);
1910.132(h)(4)(ii)
Everyday clothing, such as long-sleeve shirts, long pants, street shoes, and normal work boots; or
1910.132(h)(4)(iii)
Ordinary clothing, skin creams, or other items, used solely for protection from weather, such as winter coats, jackets, gloves, parkas, rubber boots, hats, raincoats, ordinary
sunglasses, and sunscreen.
1910.132(h)(5)
The employer must pay for replacement PPE, except when the employee has lost or intentionally damaged the PPE.
1910.132(h)(6)
Where an employee provides adequate protective equipment he or she owns pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section, the employer may allow the employee to use it and is not
required to reimburse the employee for that equipment. The employer shall not require an employee to provide or pay for his or her own PPE, unless the PPE is excepted by
paragraphs (h)(2) through (h)(5) of this section.
https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/interlinking/standards/1910.132(g)
https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/interlinking/standards/1910.132(h)
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1/24/20, 1:40 PM1910.132 – General requirements. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Page 4 of 4https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132
1910.132(h)(7)
This paragraph (h) shall become effective on February 13, 2008. Employers must implement the PPE payment requirements no later than May 15, 2008.
Note to §1910.132(h): When the provisions of another OSHA standard specify whether or not the employer must pay for specific equipment, the payment provisions of that
standard shall prevail.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 59 FR 16334, April 6, 1994; 59 FR 33910, July 1, 1994; 59 FR 34580, July 6, 1994; 72 FR 64428, Nov. 15, 2007; 76 FR 33606, June 8,
2011; 81 FR 82999, Nov. 18, 2016]
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1/24/20, 1:41 PM1910.135 – Head protection. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Page 1 of 2https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.135
By Standard Number / 1910.135 – Head protection.
Part Number: 1910
Part Number Title: Occupational Safety and Health Standards
Standard Number: 1910.135
Title: Head protection.
GPO Source: e-CFR
1910.135(a)
General requirements.
1910.135(a)(1)
The employer shall ensure that each affected employee wears a protective helmet when working in areas where there is a potential for injury to the head from falling objects.
1910.135(a)(2)
The employer shall ensure that a protective helmet designed to reduce electrical shock hazard is worn by each such affected employee when near exposed electrical
conductors which could contact the head.
1910.135(b)
Criteria for head protection.
1910.135(b)(1)
Criteria for head protection. (1) Head protection must comply with any of the following consensus standards:
1910.135(b)(1)(i)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z89.1-2009, “American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection,” incorporated by reference in Sec. 1910.6;
1910.135(b)(1)(ii)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z89.1-2003, “American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection,” incorporated by reference in Sec. 1910.6; or
1910.135(b)(1)(iii)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z89.1-1997, “American National Standard for Personnel Protection–Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers–Requirements,”
incorporated by reference in Sec. 1910.6.
1910.135(b)(2)
Head protection devices that the employer demonstrates are at least as effective as head protection devices that are constructed in accordance with one of the above
consensus standards will be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements of this section.
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1/24/20, 1:41 PM1910.135 – Head protection. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Page 2 of 2https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.135
[59 FR 16362, April 6, 1994; 61 FR 9227, March 7, 1996; 61 FR 19547, May 1, 1996; 74 FR 46356, Sept. 9, 2009; 77 FR 37598, June 22, 2012]
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1/24/20, 1:41 PM1926.100 – Head protection. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Page 1 of 2https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1926/1926.100
By Standard Number / 1926.100 – Head protection.
Part Number: 1926
Part Number Title: Safety and Health Regulations for Construction
Subpart: 1926 Subpart E
Subpart Title: Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment
Standard Number: 1926.100
Title: Head protection.
GPO Source: e-CFR
1926.100(a)
Employees working in areas where there is a possible danger of head injury from impact, or from falling or flying objects, or from electrical shock and burns, shall be protected
by protective helmets.
1926.100(b)
Criteria for head protection.
1926.100(b)(1)
The employer must provide each employee with head protection that meets the specifications contained in any of the following consensus standards:
1926.100(b)(1)(i)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z89.1-2009, “American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection,” incorporated by reference in §1926.6;
1926.100(b)(1)(ii)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z89.1-2003, “American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection,” incorporated by reference in §1926.6; or
1926.100(b)(1)(iii)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z89.1-1997, “American National Standard for Personnel Protection-Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers-Requirements,”
incorporated by reference in §1926.6.
1926.100(b)(2)
The employer must ensure that the head protection provided for each employee exposed to high-voltage electric shock and burns also meets the specifications contained in
Section 9.7 (“Electrical Insulation”) of any of the consensus standards identified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
1926.100(b)(3)
OSHA will deem any head protection device that the employer demonstrates is at least as effective as a head protection device constructed in accordance with one of the
consensus standards identified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section to be in compliance with the requirements of this section.
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1/24/20, 1:41 PM1926.100 – Head protection. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Page 2 of 2https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1926/1926.100
consensus standards identified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section to be in compliance with the requirements of this section.
[77 FR 37600, June 22, 2012; 77 FR 42988, July 23, 2012]
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Unit VIII Essay
Choose an operation for a workplace where you once worked or with which you are familiar where either chemical hazards or noise exposures were present. If you have never worked in a location where chemical hazards or noise are present, read about some examples on OSHA’s website and choose one that interests you. Complete the following tasks in a minimum two-page (500 word) essay:
1. Summarize the steps you would take to perform a hazard assessment of your chosen operation. Make sure you list the chemical hazards or noise hazards that are present using the example hazard assessment from OSHA’s website or one with which you are already familiar.
2. Discuss the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for controlling occupational hazards in relation to the operation you chose.
3. Choose one hazard that you identified. The hazard can be a chemical or noise hazard. Summarize how you would evaluate employee exposures to the hazard. Include information about any sampling method you would use, how many samples you would collect, the types of samples you would collect (e.g., personal or area, TWA or short-term), and to which standards you would apply the results.
4. Assume there are several results indicating that employees are exposed to levels exceeding the applicable OSHA PEL. Using OSHA’s Hierarchy of Controls, summarize the control methods you would employ to reduce the risk for employees to an acceptable level. Your summary should include examples from each level of OSHA’s Hierarchy of Controls with a discussion of why you think the control would or would not be an effective method for reducing the exposure to an acceptable level.
5. Discuss how you would evaluate the effectiveness of the control methods you chose, both in the short-term and for the next 5 years.
Your essay must be in APA format, and include a minimum of two sources, at least one source being from the Waldorf Online Library.
1/24/20, 1:39 PMSafety and Health Topics | Personal Protective Equipment | Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Page 1 of 2https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipment/
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
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Standards
Personal protective equipment
is addressed in specific OSHA
standards for General Industry,
Shipyard Employment, Marine
Terminals, Longshoring, and
Construction. OSHA requires
that many categories of
Hazards and
Solutions
Provides references that may
aid in recognizing the need for
personal protective equipment
(PPE) and provides information
about proper PPE selection and
What is personal protective equipment?
Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as “PPE”, is equipment
worn to minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and
illnesses. These injuries and illnesses may result from contact with chemical,
radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards.
Personal protective equipment may include items such as gloves, safety glasses
and shoes, earplugs or muffs, hard hats, respirators, or coveralls, vests and full
body suits.
What can be done to ensure proper use of personal protective
equipment?
All personal protective equipment should be safely designed and constructed,
and should be maintained in a clean and reliable fashion. It should fit
comfortably, encouraging worker use. If the personal protective equipment does
not fit properly, it can make the difference between being safely covered or
dangerously exposed. When engineering, work practice, and administrative
controls are not feasible or do not provide sufficient protection, employers must
provide personal protective equipment to their workers and ensure its proper
use. Employers are also required to train each worker required to use personal
protective equipment to know:
When it is necessary
What kind is necessary
How to properly put it on, adjust, wear and take it off
The limitations of the equipment
Proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal of the equipment
If PPE is to be used, a PPE program should be implemented. This program
should address the hazards present; the selection, maintenance, and use of
PPE; the training of employees; and monitoring of the program to ensure its
ongoing effectiveness.
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personal protective equipment
meet or be equivalent to
standards developed by the
American National Standards
Institute (ANSI).
More ‘
usage.
More ‘
Payment for PPE
Provides information on who is
required to pay for personal
protective equipment (PPE)
when it is used to comply with
OSHA standards.
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information related to personal
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/24/20, 1:40 PMRespiratory Protection. – 1910.134 | Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Page 1 of 17https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=12716&p_table=STANDARDS
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‘ SEARCH OSHAOSHA STANDARDS TOPICS HELP AND RESOURCES
( Regulations (Standards – 29 CFR) – Table of Contents
• Part Number: 1910
• Part Title: Occupational Safety and Health Standards
• Subpart: I
• Subpart Title: Personal Protective Equipment
• Standard Number: 1910.13
4
• Title: Respiratory Protection.
• Appendix: A , B-1 , B-2 , C , D
• GPO Source: e-CFR
This section applies to General Industry (part 1910), Shipyards (part 191
5
), Marine Terminals (part 1917), Longshoring (part 1918), and Construction (part 1926).
1910.134(a)
Permissible practice.
1910.134(a)(1)
In the control of those occupational diseases caused by breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors,
the primary objective shall be to prevent atmospheric contamination. This shall be accomplished as far as feasible by accepted engineering control measures
(for example, enclosure or confinement of the operation, general and local ventilation, and substitution of less toxic materials). When effective engineering
controls are not feasible, or while they are being instituted, appropriate respirators shall be used pursuant to this section.
1910.134(a)(2)
A respirator shall be provided to each employee when such equipment is necessary to protect the health of such employee. The employer shall provide the
respirators which are applicable and suitable for the purpose intended. The employer shall be responsible for the establishment and maintenance of a
respiratory protection program, which shall include the requirements outlined in paragraph (c) of this section. The program shall cover each employee required
by this section to use a respirator.
1910.134(b)
Definitions. The following definitions are important terms used in the respiratory protection standard in this section.
Air-purifying respirator means a respirator with an air-purifying filter, cartridge, or canister that removes specific air contaminants by passing ambient air
through the air-purifying element.
Assigned protection factor (APF) means the workplace level of respiratory protection that a respirator or class of respirators is expected to provide to
employees when the employer implements a continuing, effective respiratory protection program as specified by this section.
Atmosphere-supplying respirator means a respirator that supplies the respirator user with breathing air from a source independent of the ambient
atmosphere, and includes supplied-air respirators (SARs) and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) units.
Canister or cartridge means a container with a filter, sorbent, or catalyst, or combination of these items, which removes specific contaminants from the air
passed through the container.
Demand respirator means an atmosphere-supplying respirator that admits breathing air to the facepiece only when a negative pressure is created inside the
facepiece by inhalation.
Emergency situation means any occurrence such as, but not limited to, equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control equipment that may or
does result in an uncontrolled significant release of an airborne contaminant.
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Employee exposure means exposure to a concentration of an airborne contaminant that would occur if the employee were not using respiratory protection.
End-of-service-life indicator (ESLI) means a system that warns the respirator user of the approach of the end of adequate respiratory protection, for
example, that the sorbent is approaching saturation or is no longer effective.
Escape-only respirator means a respirator intended to be used only for emergency exit.
Filter or air purifying element means a component used in respirators to remove solid or liquid aerosols from the inspired air.
Filtering facepiece (dust mask) means a negative pressure particulate respirator with a filter as an integral part of the facepiece or with the entire facepiece
composed of the filtering medium.
Fit factor means a quantitative estimate of the fit of a particular respirator to a specific individual, and typically estimates the ratio of the concentration of a
substance in ambient air to its concentration inside the respirator when worn.
Fit test means the use of a protocol to qualitatively or quantitatively evaluate the fit of a respirator on an individual. (See also Qualitative fit test QLFT and
Quantitative fit test QNFT.)
Helmet means a rigid respiratory inlet covering that also provides head protection against impact and penetration.
High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient in removing monodisperse particles of 0.3 micrometers in
diameter. The equivalent NIOSH 42 CFR 84 particulate filters are the N100, R100, and P100 filters.
Hood means a respiratory inlet covering that completely covers the head and neck and may also cover portions of the shoulders and torso.
Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) means an atmosphere that poses an immediate threat to life, would cause irreversible adverse health
effects, or would impair an individual’s ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere.
Interior structural firefighting means the physical activity of fire suppression, rescue or both, inside of buildings or enclosed structures which are involved in
a fire situation beyond the incipient stage. (See 29 CFR 1910.155)
Loose-fitting facepiece means a respiratory inlet covering that is designed to form a partial seal with the face.
Maximum use concentration (MUC) means the maximum atmospheric concentration of a hazardous substance from which an employee can be expected to
be protected when wearing a respirator, and is determined by the assigned protection factor of the respirator or class of respirators and the exposure limit of the
hazardous substance. The MUC can be determined mathematically by multiplying the assigned protection factor specified for a respirator by the required OSHA
permissible exposure limit, short-term exposure limit, or ceiling limit. When no OSHA exposure limit is available for a hazardous substance, an employer must
determine an MUC on the basis of relevant available information and informed professional judgment.
Negative pressure respirator (tight fitting) means a respirator in which the air pressure inside the facepiece is negative during inhalation with respect to
the ambient air pressure outside the respirator.
Oxygen deficient atmosphere means an atmosphere with an oxygen content below 19.5% by volume.
Physician or other licensed health care professional (PLHCP) means an individual whose legally permitted scope of practice (i.e., license, registration, or
certification) allows him or her to independently provide, or be delegated the responsibility to provide, some or all of the health care services required by
paragraph (e) of this section.
Positive pressure respirator means a respirator in which the pressure inside the respiratory inlet covering exceeds the ambient air pressure outside the
respirator.
Powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) means an air-purifying respirator that uses a blower to force the ambient air through air-purifying elements to the
inlet covering.
Pressure demand respirator means a positive pressure atmosphere-supplying respirator that admits breathing air to the facepiece when the positive
pressure is reduced inside the facepiece by inhalation.
Qualitative fit test (QLFT) means a pass/fail fit test to assess the adequacy of respirator fit that relies on the individual’s response to the test agent.
Quantitative fit test (QNFT) means an assessment of the adequacy of respirator fit by numerically measuring the amount of leakage into the respirator.
Respiratory inlet covering means that portion of a respirator that forms the protective barrier between the user’s respiratory tract and an air-purifying device
or breathing air source, or both. It may be a facepiece, helmet, hood, suit, or a mouthpiece respirator with nose clamp.
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Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) means an atmosphere-supplying respirator for which the breathing air source is designed to be carried by the
user.
Service life means the period of time that a respirator, filter or sorbent, or other respiratory equipment provides adequate protection to the wearer.
Supplied-air respirator (SAR) or airline respirator means an atmosphere-supplying respirator for which the source of breathing air is not designed to be
carried by the user.
This section means this respiratory protection standard.
Tight-fitting facepiece means a respiratory inlet covering that forms a complete seal with the face.
User seal check means an action conducted by the respirator user to determine if the respirator is properly seated to the face.
1910.134(c)
Respiratory protection program. This paragraph requires the employer to develop and implement a written respiratory protection program with required
worksite-specific procedures and elements for required respirator use. The program must be administered by a suitably trained program administrator. In
addition, certain program elements may be required for voluntary use to prevent potential hazards associated with the use of the respirator. The Small Entity
Compliance Guide contains criteria for the selection of a program administrator and a sample program that meets the requirements of this paragraph. Copies of
the Small Entity Compliance Guide will be available on or about April 8, 1998 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s Office of Publications,
Room N 3101, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20210 (202-219-4667).
1910.134(c)(1)
In any workplace where respirators are necessary to protect the health of the employee or whenever respirators are required by the employer, the employer
shall establish and implement a written respiratory protection program with worksite-specific procedures. The program shall be updated as necessary to reflect
those changes in workplace conditions that affect respirator use. The employer shall include in the program the following provisions of this section, as
applicable:
1910.134(c)(1)(i)
Procedures for selecting respirators for use in the workplace;
1910.134(c)(1)(ii)
Medical evaluations of employees required to use respirators;
1910.134(c)(1)(iii)
Fit testing procedures for tight-fitting respirators;
1910.134(c)(1)(iv)
Procedures for proper use of respirators in routine and reasonably foreseeable emergency situations;
1910.134(c)(1)(v)
Procedures and schedules for cleaning, disinfecting, storing, inspecting, repairing, discarding, and otherwise maintaining respirators;
1910.134(c)(1)(vi)
Procedures to ensure adequate air quality, quantity, and flow of breathing air for atmosphere-supplying respirators;
1910.134(c)(1)(vii)
Training of employees in the respiratory hazards to which they are potentially exposed during routine and emergency situations;
1910.134(c)(1)(viii)
Training of employees in the proper use of respirators, including putting on and removing them, any limitations on their use, and their maintenance; and
1910.134(c)(1)(ix)
Procedures for regularly evaluating the effectiveness of the program.
1910.134(c)(2)
Where respirator use is not required:
1910.134(c)(2)(i)
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An employer may provide respirators at the request of employees or permit employees to use their own respirators, if the employer determines that such
respirator use will not in itself create a hazard. If the employer determines that any voluntary respirator use is permissible, the employer shall provide the
respirator users with the information contained in Appendix D to this section (“Information for Employees Using Respirators When Not Required Under the
Standard”); and
1910.134(c)(2)(ii)
In addition, the employer must establish and implement those elements of a written respiratory protection program necessary to ensure that any employee
using a respirator voluntarily is medically able to use that respirator, and that the respirator is cleaned, stored, and maintained so that its use does not present a
health hazard to the user. Exception: Employers are not required to include in a written respiratory protection program those employees whose only use of
respirators involves the voluntary use of filtering facepieces (dust masks).
1910.134(c)(3)
The employer shall designate a program administrator who is qualified by appropriate training or experience that is commensurate with the complexity of the
program to administer or oversee the respiratory protection program and conduct the required evaluations of program effectiveness.
1910.134(c)(4)
The employer shall provide respirators, training, and medical evaluations at no cost to the employee.
1910.134(d)
Selection of respirators. This paragraph requires the employer to evaluate respiratory hazard(s) in the workplace, identify relevant workplace and user
factors, and base respirator selection on these factors. The paragraph also specifies appropriately protective respirators for use in IDLH atmospheres, and limits
the selection and use of air-purifying respirators.
1910.134(d)(1)
General requirements.
1910.134(d)(1)(i)
The employer shall select and provide an appropriate respirator based on the respiratory hazard(s) to which the worker is exposed and workplace and user
factors that affect respirator performance and reliability.
1910.134(d)(1)(ii)
The employer shall select a NIOSH-certified respirator. The respirator shall be used in compliance with the conditions of its certification.
1910.134(d)(1)(iii)
The employer shall identify and evaluate the respiratory hazard(s) in the workplace; this evaluation shall include a reasonable estimate of employee exposures
to respiratory hazard(s) and an identification of the contaminant’s chemical state and physical form. Where the employer cannot identify or reasonably estimate
the employee exposure, the employer shall consider the atmosphere to be IDLH.
1910.134(d)(1)(iv)
The employer shall select respirators from a sufficient number of respirator models and sizes so that the respirator is acceptable to, and correctly fits, the user.
1910.134(d)(2)
Respirators for IDLH atmospheres.
1910.134(d)(2)(i)
The employer shall provide the following respirators for employee use in IDLH atmospheres:
1910.134(d)(2)(i)(A)
A full facepiece pressure demand SCBA certified by NIOSH for a minimum service life of thirty minutes, or
1910.134(d)(2)(i)(B)
A combination full facepiece pressure demand supplied-air respirator (SAR) with auxiliary self-contained air supply.
1910.134(d)(2)(ii)
Respirators provided only for escape from IDLH atmospheres shall be NIOSH-certified for escape from the atmosphere in which they will be used.
1910.134(d)(2)(iii)
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All oxygen-deficient atmospheres shall be considered IDLH. Exception: If the employer demonstrates that, under all foreseeable conditions, the oxygen
concentration can be maintained within the ranges specified in Table II of this section (i.e., for the altitudes set out in the table), then any atmosphere-supplying
respirator may be used.
1910.134(d)(3)
Respirators for atmospheres that are not IDLH.
1910.134(d)(3)(i)
The employer shall provide a respirator that is adequate to protect the health of the employee and ensure compliance with all other OSHA statutory and
regulatory requirements, under routine and reasonably foreseeable emergency situations.
1910.134(d)(3)(i)(A)
Assigned Protection Factors (APFs) Employers must use the assigned protection factors listed in Table 1 to select a respirator that meets or exceeds the
required level of employee protection. When using a combination respirator (e.g., airline respirators with an air-purifying filter), employers must ensure that the
assigned protection factor is appropriate to the mode of operation in which the respirator is being used.
Table 1. — Assigned Protection Factors
Type of respirator , Quarter
mask
Half mask Full
facepiece
Helmet/
hood
Loose-
fitting
facepiece
1. Air-Purifying Respirator 5 10 50…………..
…………..
2. Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) ………….. 50 1,000 25/1,000 2
5
3. Supplied-Air Respirator (SAR) or Airline
Respirator
• Demand mode
• Continuous flow mode
• Pressure-demand or other positive-
pressure mode
…………..
…………..
…………..
10
50
50
50
1,000
1,000
…………..
25/1,000
…………..
…………..
25
…………..
4. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
(SCBA)
• Demand mode
• Pressure-demand or other positive-
pressure mode (e.g., open/closed circuit)
…………..
…………..
10
…………..
50
10,000
50
10,000
…………..
…………..
Notes:
Employers may select respirators assigned for use in higher workplace concentrations of a hazardous substance for use at lower concentrations of that
substance, or when required respirator use is independent of concentration.
The assigned protection factors in Table 1 are only effective when the employer implements a continuing, effective respirator program as required by this
section (29 CFR 1910.134), including training, fit testing, maintenance, and use requirements.
This APF category includes filtering facepieces, and half masks with elastomeric facepieces.
The employer must have evidence provided by the respirator manufacturer that testing of these respirators demonstrates performance at a level of protection
of 1,000 or greater to receive an APF of 1,000. This level of performance can best be demonstrated by performing a WPF or SWPF study or equivalent testing.
Absent such testing, all other PAPRs and SARs with helmets/hoods are to be treated as loose-fitting facepiece respirators, and receive an APF of 25.
These APFs do not apply to respirators used solely for escape. For escape respirators used in association with specific substances covered by 29 CFR 1910
subpart Z, employers must refer to the appropriate substance-specific standards in that subpart. Escape respirators for other IDLH atmospheres are specified by
29 CFR 1910.134 (d)(2)(ii).
1910.134(d)(3)(i)(B)
Maximum Use Concentration (MUC)
1910.134(d)(3)(i)(B)(1)
The employer must select a respirator for employee use that maintains the employee’s exposure to the hazardous substance, when measured outside the
respirator, at or below the MUC.
1910.134(d)(3)(i)(B)(2)
Employers must not apply MUCs to conditions that are immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH); instead, they must use respirators listed for IDLH
conditions in paragraph (d)(2) of this standard.
1910.134(d)(3)(i)(B)(3)
When the calculated MUC exceeds the IDLH level for a hazardous substance, or the performance limits of the cartridge or canister, then employers must set the
maximum MUC at that lower limit.
5
1 2
3
4
4
1
2
3
4
5
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1910.134(d)(3)(ii)
The respirator selected shall be appropriate for the chemical state and physical form of the contaminant.
1910.134(d)(3)(iii)
For protection against gases and vapors, the employer shall provide:
1910.134(d)(3)(iii)(A)
An atmosphere-supplying respirator, or
1910.134(d)(3)(iii)(B)
An air-purifying respirator, provided that:
1910.134(d)(3)(iii)(B)(1)
The respirator is equipped with an end-of-service-life indicator (ESLI) certified by NIOSH for the contaminant; or
1910.134(d)(3)(iii)(B)(2)
If there is no ESLI appropriate for conditions in the employer’s workplace, the employer implements a change schedule for canisters and cartridges that is based
on objective information or data that will ensure that canisters and cartridges are changed before the end of their service life. The employer shall describe in the
respirator program the information and data relied upon and the basis for the canister and cartridge change schedule and the basis for reliance on the data.
1910.134(d)(3)(iv)
For protection against particulates, the employer shall provide:
1910.134(d)(3)(iv)(A)
An atmosphere-supplying respirator; or
1910.134(d)(3)(iv)(B)
An air-purifying respirator equipped with a filter certified by NIOSH under 30 CFR part 11 as a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, or an air-purifying
respirator equipped with a filter certified for particulates by NIOSH under 42 CFR part 84; or
1910.134(d)(3)(iv)(C)
For contaminants consisting primarily of particles with mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) of at least 2 micrometers, an air-purifying respirator
equipped with any filter certified for particulates by NIOSH.
Altitude (ft.)
Oxygen deficient
Atmospheres (%
0 ) for which the
employer
atmosphere-may
rely on supplying
respirators
Less than 3,001
3,001-4,000
4,001-5,000
5,001-6,000
6,001-7,000
7,001-8,000
16.0-19.5
16.4-19.5
17.1-19.5
17.8-19.5
18.5-19.5
19.3-19.5.
1910.134(e)
TABLE I. — ASSIGNED PROTECTION FACTORS
[RESERVED]
TABLE II
2
1
Above 8,000 feet the exception does not apply. Oxygen-
enriched breathing air must be supplied above 14,000 feet.
1
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Medical evaluation. Using a respirator may place a physiological burden on employees that varies with the type of respirator worn, the job and workplace
conditions in which the respirator is used, and the medical status of the employee. Accordingly, this paragraph specifies the minimum requirements for medical
evaluation that employers must implement to determine the employee’s ability to use a respirator.
1910.134(e)(1)
General. The employer shall provide a medical evaluation to determine the employee’s ability to use a respirator, before the employee is fit tested or required
to use the respirator in the workplace. The employer may discontinue an employee’s medical evaluations when the employee is no longer required to use a
respirator.
1910.134(e)(2)
Medical evaluation procedures.
1910.134(e)(2)(i)
The employer shall identify a physician or other licensed health care professional (PLHCP) to perform medical evaluations using a medical questionnaire or an
initial medical examination that obtains the same information as the medical questionnaire.
1910.134(e)(2)(ii)
The medical evaluation shall obtain the information requested by the questionnaire in Sections 1 and 2, Part A of Appendix C of this section.
1910.134(e)(3)
Follow-up medical examination.
1910.134(e)(3)(i)
The employer shall ensure that a follow-up medical examination is provided for an employee who gives a positive response to any question among questions 1
through 8 in Section 2, Part A of Appendix C or whose initial medical examination demonstrates the need for a follow-up medical examination.
1910.134(e)(3)(ii)
The follow-up medical examination shall include any medical tests, consultations, or diagnostic procedures that the PLHCP deems necessary to make a final
determination.
1910.134(e)(4)
Administration of the medical questionnaire and examinations.
1910.134(e)(4)(i)
The medical questionnaire and examinations shall be administered confidentially during the employee’s normal working hours or at a time and place convenient
to the employee. The medical questionnaire shall be administered in a manner that ensures that the employee understands its content.
1910.134(e)(4)(ii)
The employer shall provide the employee with an opportunity to discuss the questionnaire and examination results with the PLHCP.
1910.134(e)(5)
Supplemental information for the PLHCP.
1910.134(e)(5)(i)
The following information must be provided to the PLHCP before the PLHCP makes a recommendation concerning an employee’s ability to use a respirator:
1910.134(e)(5)(i)(A)
(A) The type and weight of the respirator to be used by the employee;
1910.134(e)(5)(i)(B)
The duration and frequency of respirator use (including use for rescue and escape);
1910.134(e)(5)(i)(C)
The expected physical work effort;
1910.134(e)(5)(i)(D)
Additional protective clothing and equipment to be worn; and
1910.134(e)(5)(i)(E)
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Temperature and humidity extremes that may be encountered.
1910.134(e)(5)(ii)
Any supplemental information provided previously to the PLHCP regarding an employee need not be provided for a subsequent medical evaluation if the
information and the PLHCP remain the same.
1910.134(e)(5)(iii)
The employer shall provide the PLHCP with a copy of the written respiratory protection program and a copy of this section.
Note to Paragraph (e)(5)(iii): When the employer replaces a PLHCP, the employer must ensure that the new PLHCP obtains this information, either by
providing the documents directly to the PLHCP or having the documents transferred from the former PLHCP to the new PLHCP. However, OSHA does not expect
employers to have employees medically reevaluated solely because a new PLHCP has been selected.
1910.134(e)(6)
Medical determination. In determining the employee’s ability to use a respirator, the employer shall:
1910.134(e)(6)(i)
Obtain a written recommendation regarding the employee’s ability to use the respirator from the PLHCP. The recommendation shall provide only the following
information:
1910.134(e)(6)(i)(A)
Any limitations on respirator use related to the medical condition of the employee, or relating to the workplace conditions in which the respirator will be used,
including whether or not the employee is medically able to use the respirator;
1910.134(e)(6)(i)(B)
The need, if any, for follow-up medical evaluations; and
1910.134(e)(6)(i)(C)
A statement that the PLHCP has provided the employee with a copy of the PLHCP’s written recommendation.
1910.134(e)(6)(ii)
If the respirator is a negative pressure respirator and the PLHCP finds a medical condition that may place the employee’s health at increased risk if the respirator
is used, the employer shall provide a PAPR if the PLHCP’s medical evaluation finds that the employee can use such a respirator; if a subsequent medical
evaluation finds that the employee is medically able to use a negative pressure respirator, then the employer is no longer required to provide a PAPR.
1910.134(e)(7)
Additional medical evaluations. At a minimum, the employer shall provide additional medical evaluations that comply with the requirements of this section
if:
1910.134(e)(7)(i)
An employee reports medical signs or symptoms that are related to ability to use a respirator;
1910.134(e)(7)(ii)
A PLHCP, supervisor, or the respirator program administrator informs the employer that an employee needs to be reevaluated;
1910.134(e)(7)(iii)
Information from the respiratory protection program, including observations made during fit testing and program evaluation, indicates a need for employee
reevaluation; or
1910.134(e)(7)(iv)
A change occurs in workplace conditions (e.g., physical work effort, protective clothing, temperature) that may result in a substantial increase in the
physiological burden placed on an employee.
1910.134(f)
Fit testing. This paragraph requires that, before an employee may be required to use any respirator with a negative or positive pressure tight-fitting facepiece,
the employee must be fit tested with the same make, model, style, and size of respirator that will be used. This paragraph specifies the kinds of fit tests
allowed, the procedures for conducting them, and how the results of the fit tests must be used.
1910.134(f)(1)
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The employer shall ensure that employees using a tight-fitting facepiece respirator pass an appropriate qualitative fit test (QLFT) or quantitative fit test (QNFT)
as stated in this paragraph.
1910.134(f)(2)
The employer shall ensure that an employee using a tight-fitting facepiece respirator is fit tested prior to initial use of the respirator, whenever a different
respirator facepiece (size, style, model or make) is used, and at least annually thereafter.
1910.134(f)(3)
The employer shall conduct an additional fit test whenever the employee reports, or the employer, PLHCP, supervisor, or program administrator makes visual
observations of, changes in the employee’s physical condition that could affect respirator fit. Such conditions include, but are not limited to, facial scarring,
dental changes, cosmetic surgery, or an obvious change in body weight.
1910.134(f)(4)
If after passing a QLFT or QNFT, the employee subsequently notifies the employer, program administrator, supervisor, or PLHCP that the fit of the respirator is
unacceptable, the employee shall be given a reasonable opportunity to select a different respirator facepiece and to be retested.
1910.134(f)(5)
The fit test shall be administered using an OSHA-accepted QLFT or QNFT protocol. The OSHA-accepted QLFT and QNFT protocols and procedures are contained
in Appendix A of this section.
1910.134(f)(6)
QLFT may only be used to fit test negative pressure air-purifying respirators that must achieve a fit factor of 100 or less.
1910.134(f)(7)
If the fit factor, as determined through an OSHA-accepted QNFT protocol, is equal to or greater than 100 for tight-fitting half facepieces, or equal to or greater
than 500 for tight-fitting full facepieces, the QNFT has been passed with that respirator.
1910.134(f)(8)
Fit testing of tight-fitting atmosphere-supplying respirators and tight-fitting powered air-purifying respirators shall be accomplished by performing quantitative or
qualitative fit testing in the negative pressure mode, regardless of the mode of operation (negative or positive pressure) that is used for respiratory protection.
1910.134(f)(8)(i)
Qualitative fit testing of these respirators shall be accomplished by temporarily converting the respirator user’s actual facepiece into a negative pressure
respirator with appropriate filters, or by using an identical negative pressure air-purifying respirator facepiece with the same sealing surfaces as a surrogate for
the atmosphere-supplying or powered air-purifying respirator facepiece.
1910.134(f)(8)(ii)
Quantitative fit testing of these respirators shall be accomplished by modifying the facepiece to allow sampling inside the facepiece in the breathing zone of the
user, midway between the nose and mouth. This requirement shall be accomplished by installing a permanent sampling probe onto a surrogate facepiece, or by
using a sampling adapter designed to temporarily provide a means of sampling air from inside the facepiece.
1910.134(f)(8)(iii)
Any modifications to the respirator facepiece for fit testing shall be completely removed, and the facepiece restored to NIOSH-approved configuration, before
that facepiece can be used in the workplace.
1910.134(g)
Use of respirators. This paragraph requires employers to establish and implement procedures for the proper use of respirators. These requirements include
prohibiting conditions that may result in facepiece seal leakage, preventing employees from removing respirators in hazardous environments, taking actions to
ensure continued effective respirator operation throughout the work shift, and establishing procedures for the use of respirators in IDLH atmospheres or in
interior structural firefighting situations.
1910.134(g)(1)
Facepiece seal protection.
1910.134(g)(1)(i)
The employer shall not permit respirators with tight-fitting facepieces to be worn by employees who have:
1910.134(g)(1)(i)(A)
Facial hair that comes between the sealing surface of the facepiece and the face or that interferes with valve function; or
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1910.134(g)(1)(i)(B)
Any condition that interferes with the face-to-facepiece seal or valve function.
1910.134(g)(1)(ii)
If an employee wears corrective glasses or goggles or other personal protective equipment, the employer shall ensure that such equipment is worn in a manner
that does not interfere with the seal of the facepiece to the face of the user.
1910.134(g)(1)(iii)
For all tight-fitting respirators, the employer shall ensure that employees perform a user seal check each time they put on the respirator using the procedures in
Appendix B-1 or procedures recommended by the respirator manufacturer that the employer demonstrates are as effective as those in Appendix B-1 of this
section.
1910.134(g)(2)
Continuing respirator effectiveness.
1910.134(g)(2)(i)
Appropriate surveillance shall be maintained of work area conditions and degree of employee exposure or stress. When there is a change in work area
conditions or degree of employee exposure or stress that may affect respirator effectiveness, the employer shall reevaluate the continued effectiveness of the
respirator.
1910.134(g)(2)(ii)
The employer shall ensure that employees leave the respirator use area:
1910.134(g)(2)(ii)(A)
To wash their faces and respirator facepieces as necessary to prevent eye or skin irritation associated with respirator use; or
1910.134(g)(2)(ii)(B)
If they detect vapor or gas breakthrough, changes in breathing resistance, or leakage of the facepiece; or
1910.134(g)(2)(ii)(C)
To replace the respirator or the filter, cartridge, or canister elements.
1910.134(g)(2)(iii)
If the employee detects vapor or gas breakthrough, changes in breathing resistance, or leakage of the facepiece, the employer must replace or repair the
respirator before allowing the employee to return to the work area.
1910.134(g)(3)
Procedures for IDLH atmospheres. For all IDLH atmospheres, the employer shall ensure that:
1910.134(g)(3)(i)
One employee or, when needed, more than one employee is located outside the IDLH atmosphere;
1910.134(g)(3)(ii)
Visual, voice, or signal line communication is maintained between the employee(s) in the IDLH atmosphere and the employee(s) located outside the IDLH
atmosphere;
1910.134(g)(3)(iii)
The employee(s) located outside the IDLH atmosphere are trained and equipped to provide effective emergency rescue;
1910.134(g)(3)(iv)
The employer or designee is notified before the employee(s) located outside the IDLH atmosphere enter the IDLH atmosphere to provide emergency rescue;
1910.134(g)(3)(v)
The employer or designee authorized to do so by the employer, once notified, provides necessary assistance appropriate to the situation;
1910.134(g)(3)(vi)
Employee(s) located outside the IDLH atmospheres are equipped with:
1910.134(g)(3)(vi)(A)
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Pressure demand or other positive pressure SCBAs, or a pressure demand or other positive pressure supplied-air respirator with auxiliary SCBA; and either
1910.134(g)(3)(vi)(B)
Appropriate retrieval equipment for removing the employee(s) who enter(s) these hazardous atmospheres where retrieval equipment would contribute to the
rescue of the employee(s) and would not increase the overall risk resulting from entry; or
1910.134(g)(3)(vi)(C)
Equivalent means for rescue where retrieval equipment is not required under paragraph (g)(3)(vi)(B).
1910.134(g)(4)
Procedures for interior structural firefighting. In addition to the requirements set forth under paragraph (g)(3), in interior structural fires, the employer
shall ensure that:
1910.134(g)(4)(i)
At least two employees enter the IDLH atmosphere and remain in visual or voice contact with one another at all times;
1910.134(g)(4)(ii)
At least two employees are located outside the IDLH atmosphere; and
1910.134(g)(4)(iii)
All employees engaged in interior structural firefighting use SCBAs.
Note 1 to paragraph (g): One of the two individuals located outside the IDLH atmosphere may be assigned to an additional role, such as incident commander
in charge of the emergency or safety officer, so long as this individual is able to perform assistance or rescue activities without jeopardizing the safety or health
of any firefighter working at the incident.
Note 2 to paragraph (g): Nothing in this section is meant to preclude firefighters from performing emergency rescue activities before an entire team has
assembled.
1910.134(h)
Maintenance and care of respirators. This paragraph requires the employer to provide for the cleaning and disinfecting, storage, inspection, and repair of
respirators used by employees.
1910.134(h)(1)
Cleaning and disinfecting. The employer shall provide each respirator user with a respirator that is clean, sanitary, and in good working order. The employer
shall ensure that respirators are cleaned and disinfected using the procedures in Appendix B-2 of this section, or procedures recommended by the respirator
manufacturer, provided that such procedures are of equivalent effectiveness. The respirators shall be cleaned and disinfected at the following intervals:
1910.134(h)(1)(i)
Respirators issued for the exclusive use of an employee shall be cleaned and disinfected as often as necessary to be maintained in a sanitary condition;
1910.134(h)(1)(ii)
Respirators issued to more than one employee shall be cleaned and disinfected before being worn by different individuals;
1910.134(h)(1)(iii)
Respirators maintained for emergency use shall be cleaned and disinfected after each use; and
1910.134(h)(1)(iv)
Respirators used in fit testing and training shall be cleaned and disinfected after each use.
1910.134(h)(2)
Storage. The employer shall ensure that respirators are stored as follows:
1910.134(h)(2)(i)
All respirators shall be stored to protect them from damage, contamination, dust, sunlight, extreme temperatures, excessive moisture, and damaging chemicals,
and they shall be packed or stored to prevent deformation of the facepiece and exhalation valve.
1910.134(h)(2)(ii)
In addition to the requirements of paragraph (h)(2)(i) of this section, emergency respirators shall be:
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1910.134(h)(2)(ii)(A)
Kept accessible to the work area;
1910.134(h)(2)(ii)(B)
Stored in compartments or in covers that are clearly marked as containing emergency respirators; and
1910.134(h)(2)(ii)(C)
Stored in accordance with any applicable manufacturer instructions.
1910.134(h)(3)
Inspection.
1910.134(h)(3)(i)
The employer shall ensure that respirators are inspected as follows:
1910.134(h)(3)(i)(A)
All respirators used in routine situations shall be inspected before each use and during cleaning;
1910.134(h)(3)(i)(B)
All respirators maintained for use in emergency situations shall be inspected at least monthly and in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, and
shall be checked for proper function before and after each use; and
1910.134(h)(3)(i)(C)
Emergency escape-only respirators shall be inspected before being carried into the workplace for use.
1910.134(h)(3)(ii)
The employer shall ensure that respirator inspections include the following:
1910.134(h)(3)(ii)(A)
A check of respirator function, tightness of connections, and the condition of the various parts including, but not limited to, the facepiece, head straps, valves,
connecting tube, and cartridges, canisters or filters; and
1910.134(h)(3)(ii)(B)
A check of elastomeric parts for pliability and signs of deterioration.
1910.134(h)(3)(iii)
In addition to the requirements of paragraphs (h)(3)(i) and (ii) of this section, self-contained breathing apparatus shall be inspected monthly. Air and oxygen
cylinders shall be maintained in a fully charged state and shall be recharged when the pressure falls to 90% of the manufacturer’s recommended pressure level.
The employer shall determine that the regulator and warning devices function properly.
1910.134(h)(3)(iv)
For respirators maintained for emergency use, the employer shall:
1910.134(h)(3)(iv)(A)
Certify the respirator by documenting the date the inspection was performed, the name (or signature) of the person who made the inspection, the findings,
required remedial action, and a serial number or other means of identifying the inspected respirator; and
1910.134(h)(3)(iv)(B)
Provide this information on a tag or label that is attached to the storage compartment for the respirator, is kept with the respirator, or is included in inspection
reports stored as paper or electronic files. This information shall be maintained until replaced following a subsequent certification.
1910.134(h)(4)
Repairs. The employer shall ensure that respirators that fail an inspection or are otherwise found to be defective are removed from service, and are discarded
or repaired or adjusted in accordance with the following procedures:
1910.134(h)(4)(i)
Repairs or adjustments to respirators are to be made only by persons appropriately trained to perform such operations and shall use only the respirator
manufacturer’s NIOSH-approved parts designed for the respirator;
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1910.134(h)(4)(ii)
Repairs shall be made according to the manufacturer’s recommendations and specifications for the type and extent of repairs to be performed; and
1910.134(h)(4)(iii)
Reducing and admission valves, regulators, and alarms shall be adjusted or repaired only by the manufacturer or a technician trained by the manufacturer.
1910.134(i)
Breathing air quality and use. This paragraph requires the employer to provide employees using atmosphere-supplying respirators (supplied-air and SCBA)
with breathing gases of high purity.
1910.134(i)(1)
The employer shall ensure that compressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid air, and liquid oxygen used for respiration accords with the following specifications:
1910.134(i)(1)(i)
Compressed and liquid oxygen shall meet the United States Pharmacopoeia requirements for medical or breathing oxygen; and
1910.134(i)(1)(ii)
Compressed breathing air shall meet at least the requirements for Grade D breathing air described in ANSI/Compressed Gas Association Commodity
Specification for Air, G-7.1-1989, to include:
1910.134(i)(1)(ii)(A)
Oxygen content (v/v) of 19.5-23.5%;
1910.134(i)(1)(ii)(B)
Hydrocarbon (condensed) content of 5 milligrams per cubic meter of air or less;
1910.134(i)(1)(ii)(C)
Carbon monoxide (CO) content of 10 ppm or less;
1910.134(i)(1)(ii)(D)
Carbon dioxide content of 1,000 ppm or less; and
1910.134(i)(1)(ii)(E)
Lack of noticeable odor.
1910.134(i)(2)
The employer shall ensure that compressed oxygen is not used in atmosphere-supplying respirators that have previously used compressed air.
1910.134(i)(3)
The employer shall ensure that oxygen concentrations greater than 23.5% are used only in equipment designed for oxygen service or distribution.
1910.134(i)(4)
The employer shall ensure that cylinders used to supply breathing air to respirators meet the following requirements:
1910.134(i)(4)(i)
Cylinders are tested and maintained as prescribed in the Shipping Container Specification Regulations of the Department of Transportation (49 CFR part 180);
1910.134(i)(4)(ii)
Cylinders of purchased breathing air have a certificate of analysis from the supplier that the breathing air meets the requirements for Grade D breathing air; and
1910.134(i)(4)(iii)
The moisture content in the cylinder does not exceed a dew point of -50 deg.F (-45.6 deg.C) at 1 atmosphere pressure.
1910.134(i)(5)
The employer shall ensure that compressors used to supply breathing air to respirators are constructed and situated so as to:
1910.134(i)(5)(i)
Prevent entry of contaminated air into the air-supply system;
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1910.134(i)(5)(ii)
Minimize moisture content so that the dew point at 1 atmosphere pressure is 10 degrees F (5.56 deg.C) below the ambient temperature;
1910.134(i)(5)(iii)
Have suitable in-line air-purifying sorbent beds and filters to further ensure breathing air quality. Sorbent beds and filters shall be maintained and replaced or
refurbished periodically following the manufacturer’s instructions.
1910.134(i)(5)(iv)
Have a tag containing the most recent change date and the signature of the person authorized by the employer to perform the change. The tag shall be
maintained at the compressor.
1910.134(i)(6)
For compressors that are not oil-lubricated, the employer shall ensure that carbon monoxide levels in the breathing air do not exceed 10 ppm.
1910.134(i)(7)
For oil-lubricated compressors, the employer shall use a high-temperature or carbon monoxide alarm, or both, to monitor carbon monoxide levels. If only high-
temperature alarms are used, the air supply shall be monitored at intervals sufficient to prevent carbon monoxide in the breathing air from exceeding 10 ppm.
1910.134(i)(8)
The employer shall ensure that breathing air couplings are incompatible with outlets for nonrespirable worksite air or other gas systems. No asphyxiating
substance shall be introduced into breathing air lines.
1910.134(i)(9)
The employer shall use only the respirator manufacturer’s NIOSH-approved breathing-gas containers,marked and maintained in accordance with the Quality
Assurance provisions of the NIOSH approval for the SCBA as issued in accordance with the NIOSH respirator-certification standard at 42 CFR part 84.
1910.134(j)
Identification of filters, cartridges, and canisters. The employer shall ensure that all filters, cartridges and canisters used in the workplace are labeled and
color coded with the NIOSH approval label and that the label is not removed and remains legible.
1910.134(k)
Training and information. This paragraph requires the employer to provide effective training to employees who are required to use respirators. The training
must be comprehensive, understandable, and recur annually, and more often if necessary. This paragraph also requires the employer to provide the basic
information on respirators in Appendix D of this section to employees who wear respirators when not required by this section or by the employer to do so.
1910.134(k)(1)
The employer shall ensure that each employee can demonstrate knowledge of at least the following:
1910.134(k)(1)(i)
Why the respirator is necessary and how improper fit, usage, or maintenance can compromise the protective effect of the respirator;
1910.134(k)(1)(ii)
What the limitations and capabilities of the respirator are;
1910.134(k)(1)(iii)
How to use the respirator effectively in emergency situations, including situations in which the respirator malfunctions;
1910.134(k)(1)(iv)
How to inspect, put on and remove, use, and check the seals of the respirator;
1910.134(k)(1)(v)
What the procedures are for maintenance and storage of the respirator;
1910.134(k)(1)(vi)
How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent the effective use of respirators; and
1910.134(k)(1)(vii)
The general requirements of this section.
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1910.134(k)(2)
The training shall be conducted in a manner that is understandable to the employee.
1910.134(k)(3)
The employer shall provide the training prior to requiring the employee to use a respirator in the workplace.
1910.134(k)(4)
An employer who is able to demonstrate that a new employee has received training within the last 12 months that addresses the elements specified in
paragraph (k)(1)(i) through (vii) is not required to repeat such training provided that, as required by paragraph (k)(1), the employee can demonstrate
knowledge of those element(s). Previous training not repeated initially by the employer must be provided no later than 12 months from the date of the previous
training.
1910.134(k)(5)
Retraining shall be administered annually, and when the following situations occur:
1910.134(k)(5)(i)
Changes in the workplace or the type of respirator render previous training obsolete;
1910.134(k)(5)(ii)
Inadequacies in the employee’s knowledge or use of the respirator indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill; or
1910.134(k)(5)(iii)
Any other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary to ensure safe respirator use.
1910.134(k)(6)
The basic advisory information on respirators, as presented in Appendix D of this section, shall be provided by the employer in any written or oral format, to
employees who wear respirators when such use is not required by this section or by the employer.
1910.134(l)
Program evaluation. This section requires the employer to conduct evaluations of the workplace to ensure that the written respiratory protection program is
being properly implemented, and to consult employees to ensure that they are using the respirators properly.
1910.134(l)(1)
The employer shall conduct evaluations of the workplace as necessary to ensure that the provisions of the current written program are being effectively
implemented and that it continues to be effective.
1910.134(l)(2)
The employer shall regularly consult employees required to use respirators to assess the employees’ views on program effectiveness and to identify any
problems. Any problems that are identified during this assessment shall be corrected. Factors to be assessed include, but are not limited to:
1910.134(l)(2)(i)
Respirator fit (including the ability to use the respirator without interfering with effective workplace performance);
1910.134(l)(2)(ii)
Appropriate respirator selection for the hazards to which the employee is exposed;
1910.134(l)(2)(iii)
Proper respirator use under the workplace conditions the employee encounters; and
1910.134(l)(2)(iv)
Proper respirator maintenance.
1910.134(m)
Recordkeeping. This section requires the employer to establish and retain written information regarding medical evaluations, fit testing, and the respirator
program. This information will facilitate employee involvement in the respirator program, assist the employer in auditing the adequacy of the program, and
provide a record for compliance determinations by OSHA.
1910.134(m)(1)
Medical evaluation. Records of medical evaluations required by this section must be retained and made available in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020.
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1910.134(m)(2)
Fit testing.
1910.134(m)(2)(i)
The employer shall establish a record of the qualitative and quantitative fit tests administered to an employee including:
1910.134(m)(2)(i)(A)
The name or identification of the employee tested;
1910.134(m)(2)(i)(B)
Type of fit test performed;
1910.134(m)(2)(i)(C)
Specific make, model, style, and size of respirator tested;
1910.134(m)(2)(i)(D)
Date of test; and
1910.134(m)(2)(i)(E)
The pass/fail results for QLFTs or the fit factor and strip chart recording or other recording of the test results for QNFTs.
1910.134(m)(2)(ii)
Fit test records shall be retained for respirator users until the next fit test is administered.
1910.134(m)(3)
A written copy of the current respirator program shall be retained by the employer.
1910.134(m)(4)
Written materials required to be retained under this paragraph shall be made available upon request to affected employees and to the Assistant Secretary or
designee for examination and copying.
1910.134(n)
Effective date. Paragraphs (d)(3)(i)(A) and (d)(3)(i)(B) of this section become effective November 22, 2006.
1910.134(o)
Appendices. Compliance with Appendix A, Appendix B-1, Appendix B-2, Appendix C, and Appendix D to this section are mandatory.
[63 FR 1152, Jan. 8, 1998; 63 FR 20098, April 23, 1998; 71 FR 16672, April 3, 2006; 71 FR 50187, August 24, 2006; 73 FR 75584, Dec. 12, 2008; 76 FR 33606,
June 8, 2011]
) Next Standard (1910.134 App A)
( Regulations (Standards – 29 CFR) – Table of Contents
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1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
7. Evaluate types of hazard controls.
7.1 Discuss the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for controlling occupational hazards.
Reading Assignment
To access the following resources click the links below:
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). Personal protective equipment. Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipment
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (1970). Occupational safety and health standards: Personal
protective equipment (Standard No. 1910.132). Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=9777
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (1970). Occupational safety and health standards: Personal
protective equipment (Standard No. 1910.134). Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=12716&p_table=STANDARDS
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (1970). Occupational safety and health standards: Personal
protective equipment (Standard No. 1910.133). Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9778&p_t
ext_version=FALSE
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (1970). Occupational safety and health standards: Personal
protective equipment (Standard No. 1910.135). Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9785
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (1970). Safety and health regulations for contruction:
Personal protective and life saving equipment (Standard No. 1926.100). Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10663
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
7.1
Unit VIII Lesson
Article: “Personal protective equipment”
Article: “Occupational safety and health standards: Personal protective
equipment (Standard No. 1910.132)”
Article: “Occupational safety and health standards: Personal protective
equipment (Standard No. 1910.133)”
Article: “Occupational safety and health standards: Personal protective
equipment (Standard No. 1910.134)”
Article: “Occupational safety and health standards: Personal protective
equipment (Standard No. 1910.135)”
Article: “Safety and health regulations for contruction: Personal protective and
life saving equipment (Standard No. 1926.100)”
Unit VIII Essay
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Hazard Controls – Personal
Protective Equipment
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipment
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=9777
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=12716&p_table=STANDARDS
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9778&p_text_version=FALSE
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9778&p_text_version=FALSE
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9785
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10663
2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
The lowest level of control method in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA’s)
Hierarchy of Controls is personal protective equipment (PPE). OSHA lists PPE as the least effective control
method and requires employers to reduce the risks associated with workplace hazards to an acceptable level
before they use PPE as the primary control method.
The reason OSHA rates PPE as the least effective control method is very simple. PPE does nothing to reduce
the level of the hazard in the workplace because it is not addressing the source of the problem; that only
comes through elimination or substitution. Engineering controls reduce the level of the hazard in the
workplace by diluting or removing airborne
levels of chemicals, blocking noise at the
source, or blocking radiation along the
pathway of exposure. Some administrative
controls also reduce the concentration of a
hazard in the air (wet methods), while others
reduce the amount of time an employee is
exposed to the hazard. PPE does not remove
the hazard from the work area, does not
reduce the concentration of a hazard in the air,
and does not reduce the amount of time an
employee is exposed to a hazard. PPE is
designed to reduce exposures to hazard by
reducing the exposure at the exposure site
(e.g., skin, lungs, or eyes).
One major problem with the use of PPE as a
control method is that not all employees use it
consistently. Manufacturers design PPE to be
used in a specific manner, and the
effectiveness of it is tested, typically in a
laboratory setting under ideal conditions.
Unfortunately, the PPE design is rarely used by employees under conditions that mimic the laboratory testing.
This results in actual protection factors that are lower in the workplace than in the laboratory.
A good example of the lower effectiveness of PPE in the workplace is hearing protective devices such as
earplugs. Earplugs are tested in a laboratory setting to determine a Noise Reduction Rating (NRR). Ideally, an
NRR of 30 would mean that the earplugs would reduce the level of noise by 30 dBA. Because there are
differences between the laboratory testing and real-world use, a value of 7 must be subtracted from the
published NRR to account for differences. Therefore, the NRR of 30 would be reduced to 23. This would
mean you would expect to reduce noise levels by 23 dBA at the employee’s ear. However, OSHA tells their
compliance officers working in the field to cut the level in half (50%) when evaluating earplug ratings. This
reduction is recommended because of the differences in inserting and wearing earplugs by individuals. Using
this method, the NRR of 30 would be reduced to 11.5. The same problems exist for other PPE such as
respirators and safety glasses.
Some PPE is more related to industrial hygiene hazards while others are more related to safety hazards. For
example, respirators reduce exposures to chemical hazards, chemical protective gloves reduce dermal
exposures, safety glasses reduce physical hazards from striking the eyes, and hard hats reduce the risk of
hazards striking the head. In practice, PPE must be an integrated program providing protection from hazards
associated with both industrial hygiene and safety. This will require cooperation between industrial hygienist
and safety professionals at a facility. In some cases, one individual works as both the industrial hygienist and
safety officer, making the process easier. In this unit, we will focus on PPE associated with industrial hygiene
hazards. These include respirators, hearing protection, and chemically protective clothing.
Respiratory protection is probably the PPE most commonly associated with industrial hygiene. Respiratory
protection is often used (and misused) in occupational settings. There are two main ways employers misuse
respiratory protection.
A factory worker wears protective gear while welding a pipe together
for assembly. Image by Hortlander, is licensed under CC BY 2.0
(Hortlander, 2011)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en
3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
First, they use respirators for protection as the primary control method without trying to reduce the risk
associated with a hazard using the Hierarchy of Controls. This can be a costly mistake. With a hazard present
at levels that require respiratory protection, employees can be harmed if they do not wear the respirator
properly or if someone enters the area without donning a respirator. This is why OSHA requires the employer
to use the control methods in the Hierarchy of Controls to reduce the risk associated with a hazard as low as
possible before using respiratory protection as the primary control method. OSHA requires employers to have
a written hazard assessment/risk assessment whenever respiratory protection is used.
The other common mistake that employers make concerning respirators is just the opposite of the first one
discussed above. They plan to implement control methods to reduce risks associated with hazards to a level
where respiratory protection would no longer be needed; however, they forget to (or choose not to) use
respirators during the interim when the controls are being implemented. Some of the control methods may
take weeks, months, or even years to implement,
and employees will be exposed to unacceptable
levels of the hazard during that interim, with
potentially harmful effects. OSHA requires
respiratory protection to be used in the interim
when controls are being implemented if it is
required to protect employees from exposures to
hazardous levels.
Implementing and maintaining a respiratory
protection plan can be complicated and expensive
depending on the size of the operation, the
number of employees required to use respiratory
protection, and the types of respirators to be used.
The respiratory protection standard 29 CFR
1910.134, which is one of your required readings
in this unit, summarizes the requirements for an
OSHA-acceptable program. Note the difference
between required use and voluntary use.
Voluntary use of respirators requires a much less
detailed program than required use.
Chemically protective clothing is used to reduce dermal exposures to chemicals. This is especially important
for chemicals that can cause serious harm through the dermal route. Chemically protective clothing includes
gloves, boots, aprons, sleeves, and ensembles as defined by the EPA. For compounds with established
OSHA PELs, these chemicals are marked with a skin notation in the OSHA tables. The most important task in
selecting the appropriate chemically protective clothing is determining if the material in the chemically
protective clothing is compatible with the chemical hazard in the workplace.
If the material in the chemically protective clothing is not compatible with the chemical hazard in the
workplace, breakthrough (and dermal exposure) can occur in a matter of minutes. For example, if employees
using methyl ethyl ketone wear gloves made from natural rubber, breakthrough will occur after only about
5
minutes. If the employees wear gloves made from a laminate film, breakthrough will not occur for over 480
minutes. How to choose the correct material for chemically protective clothing is an important function of the
industrial hygiene. Most manufacturers publish a chart that shows the compatibility of their product with
common chemicals used in occupational settings.
In some cases, chemically protective clothing and respiratory protection are used in combination to protect
employees. The most commonly used examples are those defined by the EPA (n.d.). There are four basic
levels of ensembles (labeled A through D) under the EPA definitions. Each level combines a self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA) with a completely enclosed chemical and vapor protective suit. Level A is used
when the highest level of respiratory protection is required, and the chemical(s) can cause serious harm
through dermal exposure. Level A is used for emergency spill response. Level B is used when the highest
level of respiratory protection is required, and the chemical cannot cause serious harm through dermal
exposure. Level C is used when some respiratory protection is required, and the chemical cannot cause
serious harm through dermal exposure. Level D is used when no respiratory protection is required, and the
chemical cannot cause serious harm through dermal exposure. There are many variables when choosing the
level of protection. OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.134 lays out what conditions require the use of a specific
Tennessee-1 Disaster Medical Assistance Team member Jayson
(“Jay”) Jones provides medical care to search and rescue personnel
recovering victims from the rubble of a 2010 earthquake in Haiti.
(National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2013)
4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
level of respiratory protection. This, along with the evaluation of harm through the dermal route of exposure,
can be used to choose the correct level of protection.
Hearing protection is another type of PPE commonly used in occupational settings. OSHA Standard 29 CFR
1910.95 contains OSHA’s general requirements for the use of PPE in controlling noise exposures. There are
two basic types of hearing protection: earplugs and earmuffs. Earplugs insert into the auditory canal, and
earmuffs go over the ears and the auditory
canal. Earplugs are more commonly used
in occupational settings. Where noise
levels are extremely high, double hearing
protection of both earplugs and earmuffs
may be a solution. As with other PPE, the
effectiveness of hearing protection varies
from manufacturer to manufacturer and
model to model.
The effectiveness of hearing protection
devices is measured using the NRR. The
NRR was established by the EPA in 1979
with testing performed in accordance with
American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) standard S3.19-1974. Several
problems have developed related to the
NRR. First, employers typically have a
difficult time understanding how to use it.
Many employers simply choose the hearing
protection device with the highest NRR;
however, different employees will have
different experiences with the fit of an earplug, which can reduce effectiveness. Comfort must also be taken
into account when choosing a hearing protection device. For this reason, some employers will give their
employees two or more choices. To address these issues, ANSI recently released a new standard for testing
hearing protectors (ANSI, 2016).
Hearing protection is one variable in an effective hearing conservation program. OSHA Standard 29 CFR
1910.95 contains a summary of the requirements for an effective OSHA-compliant hearing conservation
program.
References
American National Standards Institute (ANSI). (2015). Methods for measuring the real-ear attenuation of
hearing protectors. Retrieved from
https://wwwn.cdc.gov/PPEInfo/Standards/Info/ANSI/ASAS1262016
Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). Personal protective equipment. Retrieved from
https://www.epa.gov/emergency-response/personal-protective-equipment
Hortlander. (2011, April 15). Welder [Photograph]. Retrieved from
xThfp-7k9tC-9js4cs-rtnCr5-4ZCmcj-JhD7-9sB2uq-5Y1ccQ-5XW4tM-5Y1c5A-5GVFt3-crr7A-5Y1cLw-
5XVVPt-sqVqY-5Y1cEJ-5Y1bKh-5XVVGa-5Y1cQ1-5XVY1v-5E6cZE-5ZUMF2-fDJDyc-JfUfW-d
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2007). PPE for spraying truck bed liners [Photograph].
Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/niosh/8867470001/in/album-72157633509527694/
This photo shows the personal protective equipment (PPE) needed when
spraying truck bed liners.
(National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007)
5
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2013). Medical care [Photograph]. Retrieved from
https://www.flickr.com/photos/niosh/8743414931/in/photolist-aCJ32L-ejChDi-f6gjgU-ejHWDd-ejHXdh-
4Ndh3K-fEsPqU-qbsUS4-oHanWm-k2hgaV-wHBuFu-vbFSEo-KmcPQM-KSJMm4-Ky7SBd
Suggested Reading
To access the following resources, click the links below:
OSHA published a checklist that can be very helpful for establishing an effective PPE program. The following
link will connect you to that checklist.
OSHA Office of Training and Education. (n.d.). PPE assessment. Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/dte/library/ppe_assessment/ppe_assessment.html
OSHA will periodically publish fact sheets on topics to summarize requirements for employers in a concise
manner. The following link is to OSHA’s fact sheet on PPE.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2006). Personal protective equipment [Fact sheet]. Retrieved
from https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/ppe-factsheet
OSHA published a pocket guide specifically discussing protection against noise hazards in construction.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2011). Worker safety series: Protecting yourself from noise
in construction [Pocket guide]. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3498noise-in-
construction-pocket-guide
OSHA requires the use of PPE to protect the feet whenever there is the potential for objects to fall on or roll
over the feet and cause harm. OSHA regulates PPE for the feet in 29 C.F.R. 1910.136 (general industry) and
29 CFR 1926.96 (construction).
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (1970). Occupational safety and health standards: Personal
protective equipment (Standard No. 1910.136). Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9786
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (1970.). Safety and health regulations for construction:
Personal portective and life saving equipment (Standard No. 1926.96). Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=10659&p_table=STANDARDS
https://www.osha.gov/dte/library/ppe_assessment/ppe_assessment.html
https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/ppe-factsheet
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3498noise-in-construction-pocket-guide
https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3498noise-in-construction-pocket-guide
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9786
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=10659&p_table=STANDARDS